Prix Nobel/ Nobel Lectures/The Nobel Prizes. I met Eric Wieschaus who just had finished his thesis in Walter Gehring’s lab. . Wolfgang Beermann and Alfred Gierer taught courses in cell and molecular biology. I remember that already as a child I was often intensely interested in things, obsessed by ideas and projects in many areas, and in these topics I learned much on my own, reading books. The prospect of continuing the study of transcriptional control via the structure of promoter regions meant developing new methods for DNA sequencing. In this screen of 100 chromosomes, a maternal mutant which later was found to be immensely interesting, C79, later called dorsal, was isolated. I had briefly considered studying medicine, because of its relevance to mankind. My father, Rolf Volhard, was an architect. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. Two graduate students, Stefan Schulte-Merker, who started in 1988 and Matthias Hammerschmidt, were the first fish people in the lab, and Nancy Hopkins from MIT spent a sabbatical year with our fish and us. Tools for gene manipulation together with information about the genome are powerful resources for investigating any biological process. Independent Premium Comments can be posted by members of our membership scheme, Independent Premium. We had very good working conditions, as people at the EMBL had them, and we used our great chance – we could not have been more successful – but the people who had given us this chance were unable to realize this. You can find our Community Guidelines in full here. I remember that my father showed much interest in what we did, and thereby had a great influence in our performances, without being particularly ambitious (although good grades at school were more or less a matter of course). I felt at the time that Eric was much more successful than I, he was extremely productive during his time in Zurich, and worked on many very original projects, germ line, cell lineage, sex determination, where not many people could follow him. In the cuticle preps of embryos produced by our stock collection (we took from the shelf) we found a number of interesting and novel phenotypes. I learned to play the flute, but, although I tried hard, I never drew as well as my sisters and my brother. Warm temperatures favour females. Located at California State University, Chico, we are focused on understanding, preventing, and curing the molecular basis of hematologic diseases. Stachura Zebrafish Laboratory. With a fellowship from the DFG I went for a year (1977) to work in Freiburg in the lab of the famous insect embryologist Klaus Sander. The Surprise The zebrafish is a powerful alternative model used to link phenotypes with molecular effects to discover drug mode of action. In contrast, the screen for maternals, which I was trying to work out at that time, was much more difficult, because it requires an additional generation and selection system. The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, ‘for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy’ (www.nobelprize.org).Ohsumi's fundamental discoveries were made using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism, although Ohsumi later also worked with mammalian cells. An international team of conservationists spotted the bee, that is four times the size of a typical honeybee, on an expedition to a group of Indonesian Islands, Fossilised bones digested by crocodiles have revealed the existence of three new mammal species that roamed the Cayman Islands 300 years ago. Although there were not many people working close enough to be competing with us, people started to get interested in this type of mutants, and although we certainly had the most complete collection, reports on individual mutants where probably able to spoil much of the fun for us. Both Eric and I got a job offer from John Kendrew, the director general of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, that was newly founded and recruiting in many areas. Similar treatments are available for human addicts, along with substitutes like methadone, a slow-acting opioid, and buprenorphine, which produces a partial response, but there are high rates of relapse. Create a commenting name to join the debate, There are no Independent Premium comments yet - be the first to add your thoughts, There are no comments yet - be the first to add your thoughts. Dr. Shimomura first extracted the glowing protein from jellyfish in … Initially I was disappointed by the university and missed school, and my friends at school. To find out whether I could be attracted to studying medicine, I did a one month course as a nurse in a hospital. In my lab, molecular analysis was begun rather late, as we felt it important to investigate the properties of the individual genes as carefully as possible before embarking in tedious molecular cloning, that was not easy at the time. Twelve laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2020, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Arthur Ashkin (L) was awarded for his "optical tweezers" which use lasers to grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells. It was a quite interesting story which got published as a letter to NATURE. Both parents came from large families and Nüsslein-Volhard spent her childhood surrounded by uncles, aunts and cousins, many of whom lived close by. Luckily, school education was good and interesting, particularly German literature, mathematics and biology. 23 Jan 2021. I did not like the biochemistry curriculum very much, too much organic chemistry, too little biology. A common approach to unravel the gene networks that drive biology is to examine the consequences of manipulating genes. Most of my relatives lived rather close to us in Frankfurt, or Heidelberg, so I know most of them reasonably well, with some I am good friends. Thus, with her strong display of self will she can be decidedly lazy in some topics over years, while in her areas of interests she performs to a degree far extending that required for normal school purposes. Kathryn Anderson showed that among the dorsal-group genes in many cases the RNA was the rescuing principle. The FML consists of four groups, the groupleaders stay for not longer than six years, and are entirely free in their research topics. Zebrafish research is a promising way to understand the neural and genetic causes of eye movement problems in people, according to multi-university research. I have very fond memories of these visits, the people were very kind and allowed me to help with the animals and with harvesting, and the food was wonderful. They have a generous budget, enough space and no teaching obligations. Like the mouse, the zebrafish is suitable for genetic analysis, and is a valuable tool for creating genetic models of human diseases. As a side project we grew up the homozygous flies from the 1000 or so non lethal lines and tested their fertility, and the fertility of their daughters (to screen for grandchildless mutants). An important method to analyse the function of the genes we used in my laboratory was cytoplasmic transplantation. I was born during the war, on October 20, 1942, as the second of five children. The prize was for his work on autophagy, a kind of cellular housekeeping that helps clear the cell of damaged proteins and other potentially toxic debris. He performed a genetic screen for mutations affecting replication, using quite sophisticated and elegant methods to make it work with large numbers and high efficiency. Nobel Media AB 2021. International Zebrafish Meeting selected talks and poster prize 1 August 2016 Congratulations to Aaron Savage and Zhen Jiang (PhD students in the Wilkinson and Chico labs) who were both selected to give talks at the International Zebrafish Meeting in Orlando in July. From 1985 until 2014 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard was a director at the Max Planck Institute of Developmental Biology at Tübingen. This excited me much although I hardly understood the lectures at the time. When the dose was reduced, they increased the number of visits to compensate. I also did a small screen for maternal mutants which was successful in that it taught me how difficult such a screen was to do on a large scale. Recently discovered by a team of international scientists, it was the largest land animal of its time, weighing 12 tons and standing at 13 feet. Fossils unearthed in Peru have led scientists to conclude that the enormous creatures that traverse the planet’s oceans today are descended from small hoofed ancestors that lived in south Asia 50 million years ago, A scientist has stumbled upon a creature with a “transient anus” that appears only when it is needed, before vanishing completely. Spyros Artavanis, Paul Schedl and David Ish Horowicz were postdocs at the same time. A strong genetic similarity and high fecundity - the zebrafish offers many advantages as a model organism in science Hohe genetische Ähnlichkeit und Fruchtbarkeit, außerdem sind sie leicht zu halten und zu untersuchen - wie auch die Fruchtfliege bietet der Zebrafisch viele Vorteile als Modellorganismus für die Wissenschaft Zebrafish appear to be as keen on opioid drugs as humans, according to a study that could help scientists discover new ways to treat addiction. The planet stands clearly out, visible as a bright point to the right of the center of the image, which is blacked out by the coronagraph mask used to block the blinding light of the central star. Scientists have identified a four-legged creature with webbed feet to be an ancestor of the whale. My group got larger, and we started doing molecular work, with the analysis of the localization of the RNA of bicoid (cloned in the lab of Marcus Noll in Basel). From Heinz Schaller with whom I did my Diploma work I got my first real training in a laboratory. ... Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020. Gerd and I still had to finish some of the projects on segmentation mutants, including the papers on the zygotic screens done in Heidelberg, which finally got published in three papers in Roux archives in 1984. Almost to the day three years later we submitted for publication the manuscripts describing 1200 zebrafish mutants, which a group of twelve scientists, with a number of technicians and students, had isolated in a large scale screen. We even got a little bit more space and an extra “Denkzimmer” (office space), but on the whole the EMBL of that time, with its strong emphasis on expensive high tech experimental set ups, was not the best place for us, and sometimes it struck us how strange it was to discover very exciting things and know at the same time that there was not a single person in the entire institute outside of our lab who would appreciate it. Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry with George P Smith from the University of Missouri, USA, for the phage display of peptides and antibodies (the other half of this prize was awarded to Frances H Arnold, California Institute of Technology, USA, for the directed evolution of enzymes). The institute has four more directors, working on cell biology, with frog (Peter Hausen) and neuroembryology, with chick embryos (Alfred Gierer, Friedrich Bonhoeffer and Uli Schwarz). I met Walter Gehring at a meeting in 1973 in Freiburg, and had the courage to ask him about bicaudal, and whether he would let me work in his laboratory in Basel. In the tests, the fish were able to self-administer the drug for 50 minutes a day over the course of five days. After several attempts to sort those out, we decided to concentrate on the maternal mutants involved in axis determination, and not complete the genetical and phenotypical characterisation of the entire collection. We continued with the screens of the two other chromosomes, with Gerd Jürgens who, as a very skillful and experienced geneticist, organized the third chromosomal screen. The next time jackdaws saw this same person, the birds that had previously heard the warning call were defensive and returned to their nests more than twice as quickly on average. My first thesis project on the comparison of DNA sequences of small phages by RNA-DNA hybridisation was given up, after the realization that it would involve predominantly the refinement of techniques, with uncertain success. Dr Sidney Tamm of the Marine Biological Laboratory could not initially find any trace of an anus on the species. It was Thomas Hunt Morgan, an early Nobel Prize winner, who found the first Drosophila mutation in 1910. It was tiny – we, although both group leaders, shared a technician, Hildegard Kluding, and a stock keeper who also did cuticle preps for us. Wolfgang established many molecular methods in my lab, and subsequently Frank Sprenger and Leslie Stevens cloned torso, followed by Daniel St Johnston with the cloning of staufen, and Robert Geisler’s cloning of cactus. Eric even before finishing the first screen started to apply for jobs in the US, and got an offer in Princeton for work he had done before the screen. In Freiburg, with Margit Schardin, we did a fate map for the larval cuticle using laser ablations of Drosophila blastoderm cells. The tank was flushed with water to prevent the drug from building up, forcing the fish to keep swimming over the platform to trigger more. The field of recombinant DNA technology was growing and a fellow student and good friend, Peter Seeburg, argued strongly for it. "Before New Horizons, everyone thought Pluto was going to be a netball - completely flat, almost no diversity," said Tanguy Bertrand, an astrophysicist and planetary scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center and the lead author on the new study. The fish’s genes could also be altered to investigate biological pathways in the brain associated with addiction. Heinz is a chemist, and taught me to think in quantitative terms, yields, completeness of reactions, he is an excellent experimenter. It also led to a very detailed examination and description of the segmental pattern of the Drosophila larva which we later used in our screens. He had done elegant experiments in which he translocated a symbiont ball localized to the posterior pole in a leaf hopper embryo and thereby changed the polarity and pattern over large distances of the egg. They hope to use the zebrafish to develop new drugs that can block drug-seeking behaviour by setting up large numbers of tanks to screen thousands of potential candidates. From Les Prix Nobel. The paper was published in October 1980, with a very pretty cover picture, in NATURE. Scientists supported in the past by the foundation include 12 who received the Nobel Prize. Nobel-winning animal research happens practically every year. We had much freedom and were encouraged by our parents to do interesting things. As students, Hans Georg Frohnhöfer and Ruth Lehmann started during the first year. Initially he also worked on the genes torso and torsolike, which he recognized as acting independently of the anterior group of genes. "But it's completely different. Early on I was interested in plants and animals, I think I knew at the age of twelve at the latest that I wanted to be a biologist. 1998). You can also choose to be emailed when someone replies to your comment. The problem of studying embryonic mutants at the time was that the methods for collecting eggs and inspecting embryos were both tedious and unsatisfactory. Afterwards, zebrafish became a standard vertebrate research model due to their similarities with mammals, rapid embryonic development, and large transparent embryos. The Nobel Prizes 1995, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1996. I do not remember my other grandparents. Thereby she gets into increasing difficulties and a certain nervosity, because she simply cannot cope with everything she would and should like to perform, and then loses stamina. As a small child I had spent several vacations on a farm in a little village, the refuge of my grandparents in the last year of the war. Basel and the Biozentrum was a very good place to spend ones postdoctoral times. Although I was an experienced molecular biologist, I got bored with my projects at the end of my thesis (1973). My friends were largely language students, studying Latin, and Rumanian, and English language. My mother’s mother, Lies Haas-Möllmann, was a painter but had given up her career for her family. At the time the first Drosophila segmentation genes had been cloned and found to encode transcription factors. At the time I was there, I much enjoyed the interactions with the groups of Rolf Kemler and Walter Birchmeier, and, in the last year, Peter Ekblom. I published a paper on bicaudal, but I did not easily find a job. They have a unique combination of genetic and experimental embryologic advantages that make them ideal for studying early development, particularly the embryogenesis of the circulatory system: A first model describing the three independent systems involved in establishing the anteroposterior axis was presented in an article in SCIENCE, with Frohnhöfer and Lehmann, in 1987. Already in 1984 or so – I got excited about the 1982 paper of George Streisinger on Zebrafish, and at the side explored whether zebrafish could eventually be established as a system for the genetic analysis of vertebrate development. I also was rather shy and found it quite difficult to design my curriculum on my own and get to know fellow students. Gary Struhl, then a graduate student with Peter Lawrence in Cambridge, showed us homozygous Antennapedia, and wingless embryo preparations, which were very exciting. We sorted things out, owing to the very competent help of Hildegard and the stock keepers, in a very short time, and decided, after some debates whether to wait until the screens of the other two chromosomes had been done as well, to try to publish the essential conclusions on the segmentation genes in an article in Nature. Initially we both had our own projects which we tried to pursue independently (while discussing them all the time). Dr Gabriel Bossé, one of the researchers, said: “Drugs of abuse target the pathways of the pleasure centres very effectively. I enjoyed high school where I learned a lot from excellent teachers. Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou were jointly awarded the prize for developing chirped-pulse amplification of lasers, The Ledumahadi Mafube roamed around 200 million years ago in what is now South Africa. From 1999–2003, he was an associate professor there, and started the research that would later win him the 2012 Nobel Prize. For the celebration of our Abitur, at the end of high school, I gave a speech “On language of animals” (Sprache bei Tieren). These investigations gradually lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the principles of axis determination in the embryo, presented first in a review in DEVELOPMENT in 1990. Soon I discovered physics, by an excellent series of lectures by Martienssen, a professor of experimental physics in Frankfurt. Nüsslein-Volhard treasured staying with her maternal grandmother, Lies Haas-Möllmann, a woman of stro… These strange-looking creatures may look like ear-less teddy bears with tails - but this image won first prize in a science photo competition. ", The ancient invertabrate worm-like species rhenopyrgus viviani (pictured) is one of over 400 species previously unknown to science that were discovered by experts at the Natural History Museum this year. Are you sure you want to delete this comment? Treating the zebrafish with naloxone, a drug that blocks the opioid receptor in the brain, and other blockers reduced their drug-seeking behaviour. At that time, gradients were not widely accepted as mechanisms, in particular biochemists were highly sceptical, however the Tübingen influence made such models attractive to me. The second of five children, four girls and one boy, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard is the daughter of Rolf Volhard, an architect, and Brigitte Haas Volhard, a nursery school teacher. However, as the animal gets full, a pore opens up to dispose of waste, Feared extinct, the Wallace's Giant bee has been spotted for the first time in nearly 40 years. Using a zebrafish embryo-larval toxicity bioassay, we evaluated the effects of tamoxifen — a widely used anti-estrogen chemotherapeutic. I remember her well, because I visited her frequently during Easter vacation in her apartment in Heidelberg. These efforts resulted in the building of a fish house, with 7000 aquaria of our design, inaugurated in September 1992. Nobel Media AB … Gierer and Hans Meinhardt, a theoretician, developed their gradient model explaining self organisation of polarity from initial fluctuations by lateral inhibition. The storm bigger than the Earth, has been swhirling for 350 years. The Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratory was founded, with Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Günther Gerisch and Rolf Knippers as first group leaders. On the other hand, the statement also acknowledges that she is gifted above average, has a critical and qualified judgement, and the talent for independent scientific work. It was hard to see structures, segments, and their polarity in the living embryo, and fixation and clearing methods were not available. Friedrich studied DNA replication in E.coli at the time. I looked around for an organism in which genetics could be applied to developmental problems, and found the descriptions of the early Drosophila mutants, including bicaudal, in a review by Ted Wright (1971). The courses in biology in Frankfurt University were quite dull at the time, it seemed that I knew the more exciting things already, and what was new was boring, although there was one course in botany which I enjoyed. Martin Klingler concentrated, later, on this terminal group. This made our start in Heidelberg a little difficult, until we sorted things out, and from then on we thoroughly enjoyed working in the same lab. I had applied to the EMBL earlier, but at that time they did not think I could establish a fly group alone. They then replaced the food with hydrocodone and discovered through a number of tests that the zebrafish were very keen on the opioid painkiller. I was lucky because Gerd Jürgens came along and soon we were joined by Kathryn Anderson as a postdoc. Mutant embryos display mirror image duplications of the abdomen, a spectacular and very puzzling phenomenon, which however showed little penetrance. Eric and I always had kept in touch, while I was in Basel and Freiburg and he in Zurich, and we used to discuss our experiments together. I presented this and the bicaudal work at the annual symposium of the American Society of Developmental Biology in Madison in 1978, my first trip to the US. Using these techniques, I recovered and investigated the original bicaudal mutant. Friday 25 August 2017 19:19 Zebrafish appear to be as keen on opioid drugs as humans, according to a study that could help scientists discover new ways to treat addiction. I also had the impression that I was dependent on him because he had more fly experience and without him I would not have gotten the job. We both accepted and worked there for three years, 1978-1980. My father died suddenly on the day of my high school exam, 26th of February, 1962. In zebrafish, co-injection of mRNA encoding the transposase in the Tol2 injection mixture insures that the transposase is only available transiently and its integrations will be stable following natural mRNA degradation 15. One of our first joint projects was the analysis of Krüppel, a segmentation mutant which we found published in a textbook by Alfred Kühn. Zebrafish willingly dose themselves with opioid drugs, discover scientists, Pluto has a 'beating heart' of frozen nitrogen that is doing strange things to its surface, Nasa has found. They also produce large numbers of offspring – a female zebrafish can lay up to 200 eggs a week. But soon we got efficient help from undergraduate students, some of whom came to us via lab courses we taught during the university vacations. Although I was far from understanding the model, I realized how interesting the problem of pattern formation was. Both Gerd and Kathryn are excellent geneticists with whom it was an intellectual challenge and pleasure to collaborate. These early intentions to investigate zebrafish were retarded significantly by the subsequent demanding molecular studies on Drosophila, with the success that I had not expected when, as early as 1986, I brought the first fish tanks into the lab. This experience greatly supported my conviction not to become a doctor. However, the technicians in Tübingen enjoyed the fly work decidedly less than those in Heidelberg, and we had some difficult times getting food and keeping the stocks, owing to that. Sat. Her group uses zebrafish as a model organism to study the genetic basis of animal development. Being a student in Tübingen, a very lovely old town, was fun. At the end of the screen Gary Struhl, and somewhat later Gerd Jürgens joined us, very stimulating, critical and knowledgeable discussants. But by wiggling around the egg, embryos can find the “Goldilocks Zone” which means they are able to shield themselves against extreme thermal conditions and produce a balanced sex ratio, according to the new study published in Current Biology journal. The basis for this interest was the problem of generalisation, the question to what extent our results could be applied to an understanding of vertebrates including man. I did a detailed study of bicaudal, the most difficult mutant I ever studied, with unbelievable patience and in retrospect little reward. Normally zebrafish will avoid water that is too shallow, but when the drug was on offer they disregarded their normal caution when the researchers reduced the level in the tank. I loved our garden and kept some pets, but I missed having someone knowledgeable in plants and animals, who could explain things to me, so I tried to find out much by myself, and from books. 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