Between them lay a ridge of low hills named "Dog-Heads," in Greek—Cynoscephalae. Battle of Cynoscephalae: | | |For the earlier battle fought here, see |Battle of Cynoscephalae (364 BC)... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. I'm enjoying it very much! 11.) The two covering forces bumped into one another, and a skirmish erupted. The Battle of Cynoscephalae was an accidental engagement, with neither general ready for, nor desiring a pitched battle, fought over terrain that suited neither side. The battle of Cynoscephalea of 197 B.C. Flamininus, judging that his left wasn't going to be able to win the battle, transfers himself to his right. All three classes of troops would have worn helmets and at least one greave on the leading leg, though it's possible they may have worn two. In 198 B.C. Pritchett in 1969, and N.G.L. The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V.. Prelude. NOTE: As Polybius tells us that Nicanor had the greater part of the force, it is possible that Philip's right was less than 8,000 men/50% of the phalanx. We can agree with Livy's assessment that Antias exaggerates, as, even if those were combined casualties, it would mean the utter annihilation of both armies. If you're following along with Myke, make sure you catch up on his last blog posts: Entry #1: Meet Author Myke Cole as He Blogs His Trip to Greece to Research "Legion vs. Phalanx", Entry #2: Myke Cole's Reading List: The Battles of Cynoscephalae, Thermopylae, and Pydna, Entry #5: Visiting the Aemilius Paulus Monument with Myke Cole. It is possible that the twenty maniples Polybius is referring to here are those of the Triarii from the legion and its associated ala, as these would amount to twenty maniples, would be the in the rear of the Roman right, and would be the most veteran and disciplined troops—more likely to break off a pursuit to get back in the fight. Pausanias' Description of Greece discusses the war at length and the battle more briefly. All Rights Reserved. More importantly, Flamininus announced that his mission was no longer just to check Philip, but proclaimed the "Freedom of the Greeks," an effort to liberate all of Greece from foreign occupation (a promise that rang hollow when Rome occupied Greece following Cynoscephalae). That night, a soaking rain fell, resulting in a thick mist the following morning. They fled at first contact with the elephants. There was a chance encounter between the advance groups of both armies at the summit near the pass. We’re not here on vacation. [33.18]In every direction alike Philip's fortunes were sinking. I’m writing this from the balcony of the Hotel Titagion in the mountains of Agrafa. Cynoscephalae was the first battle in the campaign of Roman imperialism against Macedonia and the eastern Mediterranean. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Some may have worn the lorica hamata, a mail cuirass, heavier and more expensive. The battle is mentioned in Quintus Ennius' Annales. Philip then sent a small force to take the Cynoscephalae hills (coordinates: 39º25'N, 22º34'E). The situation finally stabilized due to the efforts of the Aetolian cavalry, with the Romans pressed, but holding. Val van het West-Romeinse Rijk, Burgeroorlog tussen Antonius en Octavianus, https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Cynoscephalae_(197_v.Chr. Philip, encouraged by reports that the Romans were on the run, committed what he had of his phalanx—approximately 50% or 8,000 phalangites (including the peltasts)—as the other half under his officer Nicanor were out foraging. 1. One unnamed tribune (A Roman rank approximating a modern field-grade officer) wheeled off less than twenty maniples (Polybius) and attacked the Antigonid right in the rear. Flamininus responds to his covering force's plea for reinforcements, sending 500 cavalry and 2,000 infantry to assist. The battle on the hills grew fierc… The combat engaged about 26,000 men on each side. They approached from opposite sides. At this point, Philip realized he had no choice. An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 55 D2 Cynoscephalae Show place in AWMC's Antiquity À-la-carte , Google Earth , or Pelagios' Peripleo . The initial meeting of the covering forces supposedly took place on top of this ridge, with both forces sending panicked messengers back to their commanders pleading for aid. Phalangites would deploy sixteen men deep. For 300 years cavalry used in concert with the spear phalanx had dominated Western battlefields. info@ospreypublishing.com Attacked from both front and rear, the Antigonid right broke, and a general rout ensued. The Romans went on to loot the Antigonid camp, only to find that the Aetolians had beat them to it, in a possible foreshadowing of hostilities to come between Rome and the Aetolian league. Philip's chastisement and Aetolian resentment laid the groundwork for the Roman-Seleucid War of 192 B.C., the Aetolian War of 191 B.C. Cynoscephalae (Boeotia), a town of ancient Boeotia Cynoscephalae (Thessaly), a town of ancient Thessaly Cynoscephalae Hills (Boeotia), a range of hills in ancient Boeotia Cynoscephalae Hills (Thessaly), a range of hills in ancient Thessaly (where the battles below were fought) The Roman victory in the Battle of Cynoscephalae ( 197 BC ) marked the end of the Second Macedonian War between Rome and Philip V, king of Macedon.The battle is considered one of the best examples of manipular Roman legion superiority over the Macedonian phalanx in terms of flexibility and combat maneuvering. The cavalry would be deployed on the flanks and the skirmishers out front in a screen. During the march there was a heavy rainstorm, and the morning after there was a fog over the hills and fields separating both camps. You must be logged in as a Bronze, Silver or Gold Osprey member to comment on this post. Once he was sure the battle was lost, he escaped. Galba was replaced by Publius Villius Tappulus, who managed to do even worse, with 2,000 veterans of the Second Punic War under his command mutinying. It matches Plutarch's assessment that Flamininus had over 26,000 soldiers, and that the opposing forces were roughly the same size. Battle of Cynoscephalae:For the earlier battle fought here, see Battle of Cynoscephalae (364 BC). Despite this, Philip resumed his march, and his troops became confused and disoriented due to heavy fog. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie. 4.) 2.) He then ordered his force to lower their pikes and charge. 6.) The two armies skirmished and maneuvered in Thessaly, with Philip finally marching west in the direction of Scotussa, a fertile region, where Philip hoped to supply his army. Today, we ventured south and west into the ridges and hills surrounding the Karadag range in Thessaly where the famous Battle of Cynoscephalae was fought in 197 B.C. We have Plutarch’s Life of Flamininus in his Parallel Lives, which gives a moralistic retelling from Rome’s point-of-view, 3 chapters from Livy, with all the attendant concerns about his mistranslations and prioritization of drama over accuracy, and 9 chapters from Polybius, who was a client of the powerful Aemili family, and thus positively disposed toward Rome. At full strength, Flamininus' legions numbered approximately 5,000 men. Enter your email address below to sign up to our General newsletter for updates from Osprey Publishing, Osprey Games and our parent company Bloomsbury. The battle of Cynoscephalae was a turning point in military history. Consuls served for a year, and it's likely that Flamininus was aware of this ticking clock and acting to prosecute the war before it ran out. 10.) It may have been a single brigade of approximately 4,096 men, or some other partial unit. The Battle of Cynoscephalae, fought in 197 B.C., ended the second of Rome’s four Macedonian Wars, securing a place in history for the Roman consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus, checking the power of the Antigonid King Philip V, and imposing a brutal peace that laid the groundwork for the Third Macedonian War against Philip’s son Perseus. The Cretan troops were almost certainly archers. It was also a contest primarily between two iconic, culturally-representative and distinct formations: the Antigonid phalanx with their twenty-one foot pikes (sarissa), and the Roman legion with their short swords (gladius hispaniensis) and javelins (pilum). 8.) In addition to a moral victory for Rome, Flamininus killed 2,000 Antigonid troops and captured Philip's baggage. 197 BC. Before advancing, he left orders for Nicanor to join him as soon as possible. Flamininus immediately set out for Epirus, taking 3,000 veterans from the Second Punic War, and ignoring the administrative and ceremonial duties of a Roman consul. Marching blind, Philip sent light troops out to reconnoiter from high ground, at precisely the same time Flamininus sent out "ten squadrons of horse and about a thousand light-armed infantry" (Polybius) with the same purpose. In 204, the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV Philopator died, leaving behind a very young successor, Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The war had been triggered by Philip V of Macedonia’s attempts to extend his kingdom into Asia Minor and the Aegean. Philip had 16,000 phalangites—heavy infantry in full panoply, armed with the long pike, 2,000 "peltasts" (an elite corps of probably phalangites, named for the pelte shield they carried), 2,000 Thracians (armed either skirmishers or light "shock" close-combat troops), 2,000 Tralles (Illyrians, most likely armed as skirmishers), 1,500 mercenaries of various nationalities and 2,000 cavalry, for a total strength of 25,500 men. Attitudes quickly soured, however, when Rome occupied "the Fetters of Greece," three pivotal fortresses at Corinth, Chalcis and Demetrias. 12.) Flamininus quickly defeated Philip at the Aous River Gorge, by means of a flanking maneuver. Need a translated version? We got to spend the day seeing the ancient city of Dion, where Alexander the Great sacrificed before launching on his expedition into Asia, and we also toured the battlefield of Cynoscephalae, which is one of the battles covered in Legion vs. Phalanx. The superior impact/solidity of the double-depth phalanx, and momentum imparted by the downhill charge gave Philip the advantage, and he drove the Romans back down the ridge toward their camp. Further reading. command was taken up by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, a commander of real energy, if not genius, who drastically altered the course of events. You take the role of the Roman army as it moves to defeat the Macedonian army of King Philip V of Macedon. The Phalanx halved its frontage and extended its depth as Livy notes (33.8.14). The pelte was slung on the arm using a loop called the porpax, and may have included an antilabe, a handle that could be used to grip with the hand to maneuver the shield if the phalangite transitioned to their sword (a backup weapon). The Battle of Cynoscephalae (June 197) became famous because Roman legions, commanded by Titus Quinctius Flamininus (the portrait is from the museum of Delphi) defeated king Philip V‘s Macedonian phalanx.The army that had once been the best in the world and had defeated Persian kings, Indian raja’s, and Sogdian nomads, now had to recognize that the legions were better. My fiancee and I have been visiting historical sites in Greece for the last 3 years and I'd say you can't find a more friendly or helpful people. Our literary sources for Cynoscephalae are comparatively good when you consider the general state of ancient material. Even better, Scotussa was near the road to Palaepharsalus, which meant Philip's army could be in contact with his line of supply to the north, and also perhaps to troops he had garrisoned to the south in Pharsalus. Roman Macedonian Where in Thessaly? The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V. Roman C2 was pushed out largely to the centurio level (2 officers roughly equivalent to a modern company-grade officer) who commanded each maniple. He stationed the right of his army behind the war elephants and held them in position, and sent the left half of his army to the aid of his beleaguered covering force. 7.) A few days later, on hearing of the battle of Cynoscephalae; the whole of Acarnania submitted to the Roman general. Livy goes on to criticize the Roman annalist Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius, who also exaggerates the casualties at 32,000 killed and 4,300 captured. Livy and Polybius agree that 8,000 Antigonids were killed and 5,000 captured. )&oldid=55773599, Wikipedia:Geen afbeelding lokaal en wel op Wikidata, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen, 16.000 soldaten in de falanx, 1500 huurtroepen, 4.000 peltasten, 2.000 lichtbewapenden van. The first two lines would have been armed with 2 javelins each and the short sword. The Battle of Cynoscephalae, 197 BC, settled once and for all the age-old dispute of phalanx versus legionary warfare. Vasso Noula, the Special Archaeological Consultant to the Mayor, joined us for our battlefield walk and provided us with both local knowledge and expert consultation. We are on less firm ground for Flamininus, but we do know that the Roman consular army of this period usually consisted of 2 legions, with an equal number of socii (Italian allied troops, usually armed and organized along legionary lines). Show area … It was also the first clash of two rival military systems: the Greek spear phalanx and the Roman sword legion. The countryside shifted gradually, more hostile to the Antigonids, more friendly to Rome. battle of Cynoscephalae [the ~] noun Related Definitions for "battle of Cynoscephalae": the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V … Geography. It features in Rome: Total War as a historical battle. +44 (0)1865 727022. 3.) We know little of how the OOB played out on the ground, but can extrapolate from general knowledge of Roman and Antigonid deployments from this period. Philip received his retreating force, and integrated them on the right of his newly arrived troops, and deployed them double-depth (32 ranks deep). Rome finally demanded that Philip cease his attempts to annex the holdings of Ptolemy, leave Athens alone, and settle things with Pergamum and Rhodes. It was the site of the victory (197 bc) that ended the Second Macedonian War when the Romans under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeated Philip V of Macedon. At the battle of Cynoscephalae, known, in military terms, as the "encounter battle", the legions of Flamininus attack the phalanx of Philip V, while they are still in the deployment phase, routing them. Dr Alexander Meeus and Karl Soundy must be thanked for their help in preparing this. Two hills of southeast Thessaly in northeast Greece. To see how we use this information about you and how you can unsubscribe from our newsletter subscriptions, view our, Exploring The Battle of Cynoscephalae with Myke Cole (#4), Meet Author Myke Cole as He Blogs His Trip to Greece to Research "Legion vs. Phalanx", Myke Cole's Reading List: The Battles of Cynoscephalae, Thermopylae, and Pydna. We received a warm welcome from the Mayor of Fasala, the closest city to the battlefield. Initially, over the objections of the Aetolians, who wanted harsher terms, Philip surrendered his younger son Demetrius as a hostage, along with other friends, and paid an indemnity of two hundred talents. This website uses cookies to provide all of its features. Het was een beslissende overwinning voor de Romeinen. We know that the Roman camp was located down a slope from the Antigonid position, and the general impression (probably incorrectly) given by the sources is that the Cynoscephalae ridge ran in a single, unbroken line east-west between the two armies. Officers or wealthier soldiers may have worn a bronze muscle-cuirass in place of the linothorax. Phase I. Illustrating. Philip retreated to a safe distance to observe the rout. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 2 mrt 2020 om 16:58. Contact the author and request a version of this image in a different language. The exact composition of this force isn't clear, but Polybius indicates that at least some of the troops were Aetolian. But enough waxing eloquent on Greece. 5.) 13.) The next few years were one of constant tension between the Antigonids and Rome, as Philip continued to try to expand his reach in Greece and Asia Minor, bringing him into running conflicts with the powerful states of Pergamum and Rhodes. For two hundred years the Macedonian Phalanx had been invincible on the battlefield. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. At this point Nicanor, hurrying with the rest of the phalanx, crested the ridge and saw what was happening and hurried to help. Livy definitively states the number of captives at 5,000, while Polybius says it was not less than 5,000. An additional 800 infantry joined the Romans from Crete. For the hastati and principes, most likely a bronze pectoral that covered the heart. Methods/Techniques Rome Macedon New way of Rome Old way of Greece When? Philip also pursued a war with Athens—at that point a Roman ally. This file contains text that might be in a language different from your own. © 2017 Osprey Publishing Limited. Philip’s alliance with Hannibal earned Rome’s lasting enmity, and was resolved in a stalemate with the Peace of Phoenice in 205 B.C. All legionaries would have carried the scutum, an oval shield with a central boss that protected the hand while it gripped a single handle, which also doubled in allowing the shield to be used as a punching weapon. The Battle of Cynoscephalae, fought in 197 B.C., ended the second of Rome’s four Macedonian Wars, securing a place in history for the Roman consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus, checking the power of the Antigonid King Philip V, and imposing a brutal peace that laid the groundwork for the Third Macedonian War against Philip’s son Perseus. Philip fled to Tempe, where he recovered as many survivors as he could. 7/8000 gesneuvelden en 4/5000 gevangenen. Just at this time the Rhodians determined to win back from him the district on the mainland known as Peraea, which had been held by their forefathers. 9.) The Antigonids are frequently referred to as “Macedonians” and sometimes just as “Greeks.” Those descriptors are accurate. Philip pled his case to Rome, passionately asserting that his actions were not in violation of the Peace of Phoenice, but the arguments fell on deaf ears, and Rome soon had armies on the move in Illyria to protect their allies and bring Philip to heel. In 201 BC, Rome won the Second Punic War against Carthage. The Battle of Cynoscephalae was a decisive engagement between the Roman Republic and the Antigonid Dynasty of Macedon. Hammond in 1988. Folks, the bottom line is that Greece is magic, and anyone who tells you that researching ancient warfare is lame is out of their mind. Justinus discusses the battle in his Epitome of the Philippic Histories, and mention is also made in the Chronicle of Eusebius and in Orosius' History Against the Pagans. The fullest recent treatment of the battle is NGL Hammond’s ‘The campaign and Battle of Cynoscephalae 197 BC, JHS, V 108 (1988) 60-62. In 196 B.C., Flamininus proclaimed the "freedom of the Greeks" at the Isthmian Games, an event that brought a great deal of positive press for Rome. Battle of Cynoscephalae, (197 bce ), conclusive engagement of the Second Macedonian War, in which Roman general Titus Quinctius Flamininus checked the territorial ambitions of Philip V of Macedonia and bolstered Roman influence in the Greek world. De Slag bij Cynoscephalae was een slag in de Tweede Macedonische Oorlog die gevochten werd tussen Rome en Macedonië. Cynoscephalae (Ancient Greek: Κυνὸς κεφαλαί, meaning "dog's heads") may refer to: . We’re overlooking Lake Plasitras, which is like something out of a fantasy novel, right down to the sheer-faced mountains rising straight from the shore and the butter-colored sun seeming to sink below the surface of the water. Many historians ignore the writings of the 12th C. Byzantine writer Joannes Zonaras, arguing that he writes too far from the event to be considered a primary source. But in 198 B.C. Livy and Polybius also agree that the Romans took about 700 casualties, almost certainly entirely on the Roman left, from the Roman covering force and the main body that reinforced them. As Philip arrived on the ridge summit, he saw his covering force, driven to retreat by the Roman covering force, now reinforced by the main Roman left. His worries about the Rising power of Rome. A strap around the shoulders, the ochane, helped support the shield's weight. How did the war start? But he must be considered, as it is likely he is filling in gaps left by lacunae in Cassius Dio’s Roman History. Philip V was the Great-Great-Great-Grandson of Alexander’s famous general Antigonus I Monopthalmus (Antigonus the One-Eyed), the founder of the Antigonid dynasty. The three lines would be deployed in ten staggered maniples (handfuls), with a maniple-wide gap between each one. The Roman skirmishers (velites) would have deployed in a screen out front, and the cavalry on the flanks. Flamininus shadowed the Antigonid king, hoping to force a decisive battle when the ground was suitable. Rome's First Macedonian War, also fought against Philip V, broke out largely due to Philip’s mistaken belief that the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca, having just crushed the Romans at Cannae in 216 B.C., would win the Second Punic War. Flamininus, seeing that the forcing back of his force was adversely impacting the morale of his entire force, sounded the general engagement. The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν ) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V. Flamininus, still unaware of Philip's location, sent out some cavalry and light infantry to reconnoiter, which engaged Philip's troops on the hills. Reinforced, the Romans drive the Antigonids up the hill, until they're forced to the crest. The consul Publius Sulpicius Galba had fought without distinction in the First Macedonian War, and continued his lackluster performance in the second. NOTE: Livy says they dropped their pikes and charged with swords, and is widely believed to have mistranslated Polybius. The Romans would have deployed their troops in a triplex acies of three lines—the hastati (green/young men), the principes (more veteran troops), and finally the triarii (hardened veterans). The three lines would deploy in a checkboard (quincunx) pattern, with the each line covering the intervals of the line in front. Battle of Cynoscephalae.webm 20 s, 1,156 × 810; 2.52 MB Bitwa pod Kynoskefalaj (197 pne)-1 faza.png 275 × 281; 21 KB Bitwa pod Kynoskefalaj (197 pne)-2 faza.png 296 × 281; 20 KB Neither side expected a general engagement, much less one that would end the Second Macedonian War, but we don't always get what we expect. The Aetolians were waved off, and Philip was required to relinquish his conquests in the Balkans, Greece and Asia Minor. Myke, thanks for the ongoing travelogue. and the Third Macedonian War of 171 B.C. This bought him four months during which the rest of the treaty was negotiated. It was a close-run, see-sawing fight, a study in the kind of chaos that truly tests the ingenuity of individual commanders and soldiers. The Roman victory … The sources give the following evolution of the battle, in this order: 1.) The Antigonids were one of the great “Successor” (diadochi) dynasties descended from Alexander the Great’s generals, who squabbled over his empire after his death in 323 B.C. We’re working our tails off, and this is still one of the most incredible trips of our lives. We confirmed a lot of our suppositions about the battle, and I feel even more confident about the positions I take in the book, and I am hoping to raise new questions in the book that haven’t been addressed before. Like it or not, he was committed to a general engagement. The Greek allied infantry may have been armed as thureophoroi (light, missile-capable, shock-troops equipped with the thureos shield) or as skirmishers. Philip seized the opportunity to strike a secret pact with the Seleucid (another Successor dynasty) King Antiochus III to seize the territory of the child King Ptolemy. Command and Control (C2) would have been largely centralized in the monarchical Antigonid phalanx, resulting in a rigid force designed to deploy once and hold position thereafter. Armor Where? Share your thoughts, experiences and the tales behind the art. The shield was heavy, around twenty pounds, and roughly two and a half feet wide by four feet long. The Battle of Cynoscephalae is a battle that took place in 197 BC. Death of Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epophanes Antichus III the Great Philip V of Macedonia For the phalanx is like an animal of invincible strength as long as it is one body and can keep its shields locked together in a single formation; but when it has been broken up into was the decisive battle of the First Macedonian War, and was the first of a series of victories won by Roman legions over the Greek phalanx that ended three centuries of Greek dominance on the battlefield.. The Roman right pursued the fleeing Antigonid left. The Triarii may have all worn mail. The Antigonid left, not properly formed up, or deployed into phalanx didn't even bother to try to fight. By force of arms it would now give way to the highly trained and disciplined Roman Legion, which would now dominate the … Description: English: An animation showing the events of the Battle of Cynoscephalae. Unfortunately, Neither Antias nor Claudius' original annals survive in anything or than fragmentary-referential form. Roman ally Republic and the Aegean Antigonid Dynasty of Macedon settled once and for the. Have deployed in ten staggered maniples ( handfuls ), with a maniple-wide gap between each.... 'S chastisement and Aetolian resentment laid the groundwork for the earlier battle fought here see! The Athamanian Greeks sent 1,200 infantry states the number of captives at battle of cynoscephalae summary while... This, Philip resumed his march, likely for speed of movement Old way of Rome Old of... 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