grizzly bears in canada map

The final report of the Eastern Slopes Grizzly Bear Project. NatureServe. The map focuses on the Canadian Arctic including (from the east) Newfoundland and Labrador up to the west coast of Greenland around the Arctic Basin, west to the border with Alaska and across the northern continental coasts of the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Manitoba, Ontario and Québec. Regions of Grizzly Bear extirpation in Canada include the non-mountainous regions of Alberta and parts of southern British Columbia (McLellan 1998; Nielsen et al. Notwithstanding the wide variability in relative proportions of adults, subadults, yearlings, and cubs across populations (Schwartz et al. Munro, R.H.M., S.E., Nielsen, M.H. Most jurisdictions have derived population estimates from a combination of 1) expert opinion and/or 2) extrapolation of densities from inventories conducted in relatively small areas (Table 3). 2000, 2003a; McLoughlin and Ferguson 2000). Muskox bull killed by a barren-ground grizzly bear, Thelon Game Sanctuary, N.W.T. Temple, and S.M. Biological Conservation 143:1623-1634. Kluane National Park grizzly bear research project. Inuvialuit Settlement Region Traditional Knowledge Report. Boyce, C.C. 3. Court, Gordon. August 2010. The 2010 General Status rank for Grizzly Bears nationally was “Sensitive”, the same national rank as in 2005 and 2000 (T. Jung, Environment Yukon, pers. In many instances, the guard hairs on the shoulders and back are tipped with white, grey, or silver, which gives the fur a ‘grizzled’ appearance. and Manage. The Northwestern population was designated Special Concern in April 1991 and confirmed in May 2002. 2003a) and the population is deemed secure, may provide a rescue effect for the species in British Columbia and Yukon. Species at Risk Biologist, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, P.O. Litter size is 1–3 cubs; litter size and litter survival depend on the availability of food. Shuswap Indian Band. Liepins. Wildlife Management Advisory Council, North Slope and Northwest Territories, Inuvik. Status survey and conservation action plan. MacDuffee. In the absence of human interference, the density of Grizzly Bears is largely determined by habitat productivity (food). 1976. Looking at the above Map of Grizzly Bear Habitat, you can see that Grizzly Bears are most common in Northern Canada, Alaska, and a small part of the Northern USA. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. March 2, 2001. Effect of spatial differences in habitat on home ranges of barren-ground grizzly bears. Most of this mass loss (56%) was fat. and B.N. (1) estimated annual survival rates are based on averages extracted from the columns in Table 2, and are therefore considered constant across the age-brackets shown on that table, (2) age of first reproduction is set at 6 or 7 years of age (6.7 being the average derived from summary data in Table 1, Ferguson and McLoughin 2000), and (3) survival and triennial reproductive frequency is held constant until animals reach 25-30 years of age (i.e. . Stenhouse. For example, although from 1985 to 1995 only one Grizzly Bear was known to die from a vehicle collision in Banff National Park, Alberta (Gibeau et al. Grizzly Bear photo (Emily Court). Box 114, Annapolis Royal NS B0S 1A0. Observation of barren-ground grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, predation on muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus, in the Northwest Territories. In the southern range of the Grizzly Bear, changes in forest structure due to climate change (e.g., Westfall and Ebata 2009) may influence bear habitat use and hence bear population dynamics. Grizzly Bear populations “under optimal conditions for reproduction, natural mortality, and with males twice as vulnerable as females” are estimated to be able to sustain a maximum annual harvest of 5.7% (Miller 1990). Inuit land use and occupancy project. Conservation Biology 3:220-223. Savard, R. 2004. For example, it is expected to exacerbate fragmentation (Fleishman and MacNalley 2007) and negatively influence salmon runs in coastal BC (Horejsi et al. 1997. Nature 208:1233-1234. Hamer, D. and S. Herrero. Bullock, S.J. Edwards et al. Female movement rates peak during summer when, in this area, food availability is low. In central coastal BC, 65 distinct food items of Grizzly Bears, including 49 plant species, were identified by MacHutchon et al. Considerable new research has been conducted on the species since the last report, including several new population inventories in BC, Alberta, and Yukon. Although samples of Grizzly Bears from the prairie region exist in museums, they have yet to be genetically analysed, thereby precluding an assessment of their genetic distinctiveness relative to current members of the Western population. There are no formal agreements to harvest other than as stated in the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, although some Hunters and Trappers Organizations may impose restrictions on harvest, at their discretion, within their respective communities. 2008) have important potential implications for coastal Grizzly Bear populations, in light of the reliance of many on salmon as a principal food source and the fidelity of individuals to salmon streams (McHutchon et al. 2005), Hoary Marmots (Barash 1989), Mountain Goats (Oreamnos americanus; Festa-Bianchet et al. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:43-50. For example, bears may emerge from high-elevation dens and descend to valley bottoms to seek ungulate carcasses and plants. Some of these populations are suspected to be in decline (Maraj 2007; McCann 1998) or acting as mortality sinks (Maraj 2007, Environment Yukon, unpublished data 2011). 1996; Chruszcz et al. 2. Wielgus, R.B., F.L. 2009. Keith, D., and J. Arqviq. 2008. En’owkin Centre, RR#2, Site 50, Comp. Ursus 10:607-611. The current point estimate of abundance for the DU as a whole (Table 4) represents no change from either the 2002 estimate (COSEWIC 2002) or the 1990 estimate (Banci 1991); no data exist prior to 1991 to estimate trends over three generations. 2000. Veitch, A.M., and Harrington, F.H. Habitat effects of timber harvest are dynamic, and depending on post-harvest treatments, bears may respond positively to early seral stages during revegetation of cutblocks. August 2010. Dynamics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. Miller, and D.W. McCollum. British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Forest Practices Branch, Victoria, BC. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. upland boreal and mountain forests), it can positively influence the abundance and distribution of various foods consumed by bears (Milakovic et al. Alberta Tourism, Parks and Recreation, 2nd Floor, Oxbridge Place, 9820 - 106 Street, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6. Confirmed instances of Grizzly Bear presence in the Canadian Arctic archipelago and in east mainland Nunavut (observations are black circles, left, and white circles, right). Actual date of original estimate varies.2 Point estimates presented in COSEWIC (2002), with an update for Nunavut based on an earlier review of this document by the Government of Nunavut.3 Includes provincial lands and the mountain national parks of Waterton, Banff, and Jasper. Theberge, J., and S. Stevens. (1995) observed that for 44 litters followed in Yellowstone National Park, 31.8% of cubs were weaned as yearlings versus 68.2% weaned as 2-year-olds. Bertram, M.R. August 2010. 1994. August 2010. Attitudes toward and relative value of Alaskan brown and black bears to resident voters, resident hunters, and nonresident hunters. Grizzly Bear distribution is holarctic with extant populations occurring in Europe and Asia (Figure 4), and in Canada and the United States (Figure 2); current records of occupancy exist for approximately 48 countries (McLellan et al. 1994. Gibeau. 2011. For example, there are recent kill records of Grizzly Bears in Inuit communities such as Baker Lake, Gjoa Haven, Arctic Bay, Pelly Bay, and Cambridge Bay (R. Jeppesen, Nunavut Wildlife Management Board, pers. 2008) suggests that the Grizzly Bears are becoming more common in the Low to mid-Arctic tundra regions of northwest Canada (Figure 6). Grizzly Bears in Banff National Park spend, on average, about 4.5 months each year in dens (Vroom et al. Most management agencies direct harvest toward male bears by protecting females and family groups and by scheduling hunting seasons when males are relatively active. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:704-712. Conservation Biology 12:1005-1016. 2000. Pages 15-25 in M. Taylor, ed. Geographic variation in size of North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L., as indicated by condylobasal length. Forest Ecology and Management 256:1262–1269. Males, especially young males, are more likely than females to die of non-natural causes. Conservation Biology 12:408-417. Myrmecophagy by Yellowstone grizzly bears. I. Grizzly Bears in the lower 48 states were listed in 1975 under the Endangered Species Act as Threatened (USFWS 1993), a status the species retains to this day. 1987. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:199-213. Bear handling as a result of bear-human interaction in the Revelstoke, British Columbia are during 1986–1995. Seip, and D.C. Heard. Research Scientist, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. August 2010. Female Grizzlies begin mating at the age of 6 years and their litters are comprised of 1-3 cubs. For example, in BC the St’at’imc designed the St’at’imc Grizzly Protection Area using traditional ecological knowledge regarding Grizzly Bear habitat, food sources and movement corridors, to design a connected system of Grizzly Protection Areas that include a prohibition on hunting Grizzly Bears (St’at’imc Land and Resource Authority 2004). The following experts generously provided information, advice, insight, and opinion toward the writing of the current update status report (please see COSEWIC 2002 for acknowledgements related to an earlier version of this living document): Alberta Conservation Information Management System. In Nunavut, Grizzly Bears hibernate from October or November to April or May; exact timing is weather-dependent (Nirlungayuk 2008). (1987), Pasitschniak-Arts (1993), J. Craighead et al. Robbins, and L.A. Shipley. Landscape Ecology 20: 811-826. Undocumented killing remains an important problem for managers. In summary, following a significant range contraction during the last century in Canada, Grizzly Bear distribution has been relatively stable for the last few decades. Markel. A meta-analysis of 6 studies from different parts of Grizzly Bear range yielded a range of 25.6-59%, with a midpoint of 42% bears (Schwartz et al. 2002. (2004), Proctor et al. Wildlife Monographs 180:1–46; 2012. A population study was recently completed across the southwestern lobe of Grizzly Bear range, as defined by the southern Coast Ranges (Apps et al. Downloadable. Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) harvest management in British Columbia. Aurora Wildlife Research. 1926. Eastern Slopes grizzly bear project: a progress report for 1996. Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan 2008-2013. Mace, J.G. Fear. 1962. (306) 966-4451; fax (306) 966-4461EmailLab website. Phyl. Brown bears once occupied much of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. 2000. 1988. Black Bear: This is what most black bears in North America look like. Possible negative effects of adult male mortality on female grizzly bear reproduction. Mowat (2007) pointed out that the number of bears killed for control reasons in the Kootenay region, BC, was likely influenced by the closure of dumps and other large food sources. Mace, R.D., S.C. Minta, T.L. Milakovic, B., K.L. 2011. Martin, P.L. 1996), from 2000–2007 seven Grizzly Bears were killed by Canadian Pacific Railroad trains, and none of the five cubs orphaned by these train collisions survived in the park (Pissot 2007). vii + 91 pp. The Grizzly Bear is a habitat generalist. August 2010. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. In mountainous regions, Grizzly Bears may undertake seasonal elevational migrations. Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 2000). Barnes, Jr., R.B. Christensen, J. R., MacDuffee, M., Macdonald, R. W., Whitecar, M., and P.S. Independent Biologist. Version 7.1. Grizzly bears and mining: rationale and objectives of a study on the effects of industry on bears. On the other hand, McCann 1998 found that the southwestern Grizzly Bear population was in decline (i.e., point estimate of finite rate of increase of 0.97, or 3% per annum decrease with human-caused mortality rates increasing). Mulders, Robert. On December 18, 2017, the BC Government announced that a complete ban on hunting grizzly bears will take effect immediately.. Ending the grizzly bear hunt eliminates one of the biggest threats facing this iconic species, allowing the people of BC to focus on sustainable land management. The thick line on the right indicates the bounds of non-vagrant Grizzly Bear distribution as interpreted by McLoughlin (2001). Boyce, Mark. October 2010. Gwich’in Renewable Resource Board (Report 00-01). The map above shows in green the total current distribution of the phylogenetically unique Clade 4 grizzly bears in North America relative to, in yellow, the distribution of this Clade circa 1800. Cub survival was reduced for 1.5 years after adult males were removed, indicating social disruption persisted for some time. 1998. Aune, K.E., R.D. Population density is determined by numerous factors, including seasonally available food like salmon and ungulate calves (McLoughlin et al. Miller, S.D., G.C. Most northerly observation of a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) in Canada: photographic and DNA evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories. 2002. 1996. 2004; Waller and Servheen 2005; Linke et al. Paquet. 7:99-107. January 2011. Countries such as Russia support sizable populations of Brown Bears; however, many populations in Europe are insular, small, and endangered. Chetkiewicz, Cheryl. Volume II: Supporting studies. Pages 178-180 in S. Herrero, editor. Mattson, D.J. 9 pp. CW69-14/166-2012E-PDFISBN 978-1-100-20721-6, Common nameGrizzly Bear - Western population. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:183-193. For instance, Barker and Derocher (2009) documented Grizzly Bear predation of Broad Whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in the Northwest Territories. While the majority of their living range is Alaska and Northwestern Canada, they are also found in small areas of the lower 48 states, including: Northwestern Montana, Yellowstone National Park, Northern Utah and a very small section of Northwestern Washington. 2012; see Population Structure and Variability), making it highly likely that interchange occurred between the Grizzly Bears of the Prairie and at least bears inhabiting the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. Van Tighem, Graham. Wildlife Research Series No. In the absence of human interference, the density of a Grizzly Bear population is largely determined by habitat productivity, including abundance and seasonality of food (Ferguson and McLoughlin 2000; McLoughlin et al. 2000), up to 2 orders of magnitude greater than the largest coastal Alaskan home ranges (Table 3). International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Monograph Series No. Subpopulations are enclosed within dotted polygons. Habitat associationsare strongly seasonal and typically reflect regional plant phenology, timing of spring ungulate calving and runs of migratory fish (where available) (Schwartz et al. Grizzly Bears are habitat generalists. Is the total population severely fragmented? 2002; Boulanger et al. Spatially structured populations and harvest theory. and I.S. Boyce, M.S. and M. Branigan. The sacred paw: the bear in nature, myth and literature. Relative contributions of sampling error in initial population size and vital rates to outcomes of population viability analysis. Arctic Borderlands Ecological Knowledge Co-op Community Reports 2006-2007. Conservation of grizzly bears in British Columbia: background report. If they know of any easy food source they will use it, but they generally travel at night to avoid detection. Density-dependent population regulation in black, brown, and polar bears. Third annual report, March 2010. Cross breeding between a female European brown bear and a male polar bear in Lodz Zoo. As such, this calculation is based on average or best-case scenarios, estimated from data collected through various methods, and therefore it should not be considered accurate or representative of any one individual population, but rather a general approximation based on information on hand. comm., 2011). Boyce, and G.B. 1989), and are important Moose predators in other areas as well (e.g., Gasaway et al. The most recent estimate was in April 2012 (. It may be somewhat strange but it is nevertheless a certainty that it is not an inhabitant of the Koksoak valley south of latitude 56 degrees, but confines itself in the more northern portion of its range to the area between the coast range of hills along the Labrador coast and the George’s River valley, ascending that region to the headwaters and there striking across the country to the westward north of the “Height of Land”. Zager. These factors may influence bear population dynamics through survival or reproduction. Hamilton, Tony. 1988. Grizzly bears have one of the lowest known reproductive rates of all North American land mammals. Nevertheless, the close relationship between the two species is highlighted by instances of hybridization in the wild, including a hybrid that was shot by a hunter on Banks Island, NT in April 2006 (Slavik 2010), and one taken near Ulukhaktok, NT in 2010 (CBC news report 2010). N.W.T. Whitehorse, YK and Aklavik, NWT. There is, therefore, no evidence at this time to consider Grizzly Bears that once resided in the Prairie Ecozone as a separate DU from that of the Western population. Where available, Army Cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris), ants, and earthworms may be important seasonal foods (Mattson et al. Suspected percent reduction in total number of mature individuals over any 10 years or 3 generation period, including both the past and the future. Journal of Heredity 86:255-261. However, energetic maintenance costs are lowest and rate of mass gain highest when dietary protein content is about 20–35%, indicating that even when berries are abundant, a mixed diet is most efficient for bears (Rode and Robbins 2000). The Canadian Arctic americanus densities in interior British Columbia 's southern Coast ranges a result of last. Localized populations are there extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals B. N. McLellan, C. C. Schwartz,,... Landscape partitioning and spatial inferences of competition between bears and mining: rationale and objectives a. International, Nelson, BC only female-mediated gene flow between populations Project review, Gap analysis and Workshop Results to... Since the mid-1800s ( Servheen 1999b ) all jurisdictions, grizzly bears of Yellowstone: their in! Largely determined by numerous factors, including home range size and growth patterns of grizzly bears the... 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