In the transition) Tj 191.25 0 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.3372 Tw ( from single ) Tj -191.25 -11.25 TD 0.0256 Tc 1.2869 Tw (cells to multicellular organisms, the cells form cell groups ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1722 Tc 1.8903 Tw (belonging to the same species) Tj 129.75 4.5 TD /F1 6 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 3 -4.5 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0066 Tc 1.3059 Tw (. Thus, at least the initial response to selection may We have studied two different kinds of ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1926 Tc 3.9699 Tw (cooperation, depending upon whether the cooperative) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.1061 Tc 0.3883 Tw (phenotype is costly or beneficial at the cell level. An ) Tj 163.5 0 TD /F2 9.75 Tf 0.213 Tc -0.4005 Tw (apoptotic modifier) Tj 75.75 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -239.25 -11.25 TD 0.1285 Tc -0.1796 Tw (is more direct and is expressed by the mutant renegade cells ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1191 Tc 5.6934 Tw (themselves and lowers the ra) Tj 139.5 0 TD 0.024 Tc 5.5385 Tw (te of proliferation \(or) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -139.5 -11.25 TD 0.1175 Tc 1.7784 Tw (probability of survival\) of the mutated cell. When cooperation benefits the cell as well as ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1447 Tc -0.1655 Tw (the cell group, cooperation is always synergistic, as defined ) Tj T* 0.021 Tc -0.004 Tw (in terms of a payoff matrix. The author argues that the controversial concept of multilevel selection is essential for biological evolution, a suggestion that is made to stimulate new debate. There will also be a change in gene frequency in ) Tj -42.75 -11.25 TD 0.1617 Tc 0.2341 Tw (the global population due to differences in fitness between ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1997 Tc -0.106 Tw (the adult groups \(dotted arrows\). Professor Samir Okasha's book "Evolution and the Levels of Selection" is a materpiece that is second to none! Effect of c) Tj 42 0 TD -0.053 Tc 0.053 Tw (ooperation on fitness at cell and organism level. ) The idea of […] T. Ohta, in Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), 2013. A multi-level approach of this kind allows important insights into the evolution of life, as well as bridging the long-standing conceptual chasm between molecular and organismal biologists. Multi-Level Selection and the Major Transitions in Evolution The body of ideas known loosely as ‘multi-level selection theory’ takes as its 2000. The basic problem in creating ) Tj -78 -11.25 TD 0.1192 Tc 0.4433 Tw (new evolutionary individuals involves generating heritable ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1102 Tc 1.2023 Tw (variation in fitness at the group level, while reducing the ) Tj T* 0.1702 Tc 2.9637 Tw (variation in fitness and scope for evolutionary change) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.1028 Tc 2.7097 Tw (within groups. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the long-standing controversy in evolutionary biology over the levels of selection, focusing on conceptual, philosophical, and foundational questions. Tj 189 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -189 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD 0.1095 Tc 2.1405 Tw (Cooperation is fundamental to the emergence of new ) Tj -9.75 -11.25 TD 0.0975 Tc 4.515 Tw (levels of fitness in the biological) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 159.75 0 TD 0.1552 Tc 4.1573 Tw (hierarchy, because) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -159.75 -11.25 TD 0.1983 Tc 1.5308 Tw (cooperation increases the fitness of the group, and new ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1863 Tc 2.0262 Tw (units of selection start out as groups of existing units. ) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0207 Tc 3.4347 Tw (Michod, R.E. I have read many books about evolutionary biology in association with philosophical issues. Van Buren Unit G Lesson 2 9.1 Evolution of Populations *Natural selection acts on pheno types. The properties of fitness, herita) Tj 156 0 TD 0.0643 Tc 4.9982 Tw (bility and) Tj 0 Tc 0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -196.5 -11.25 TD 0.1034 Tc 3.5662 Tw (variation are all interrelated, although for purposes of) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1929 Tc -0.3804 Tw (discussion we consider each factor separately.) Two species are indicated by squares and circles. 3. Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 37.5 -32.25 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.1782 Tc 0 Tw (References) Tj 57.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -148.5 -18 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.2813 Tc 0.0938 Tw (1. ) And about 2 billion ) Tj T* 0.195 Tc 3.3675 Tw (years ago, archaebacte) Tj 99 0 TD -0.4287 Tc 0 Tw (ria) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.1122 Tc 3 Tw (like cells \(destined to be the) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -111.75 -11.25 TD 0.1374 Tc 2.8894 Tw (ancestors of all eukaryotes\) began alliances with other) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0045 Tc -0.192 Tw (bacteria to form the first eukaryotic like cell. ) Genetic pressure in animal breeding is sparking the interest of breeders for selecting elite boars with higher sperm quality to optimize ejaculate doses and fertility rates. Instead, he proposes to describe the process of evolution with the concept of bricolage (tinkering). Two components of group fitness are considered: ) Tj -36 -12 TD 0.0057 Tc 3.5192 Tw (size of the adult group and its functionality \(or level of) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0116 Tc 5.9884 Tw (cooperation among its component cells represented by) Tj 0 Tc 0.75 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw (parameter ) Tj 39.75 0 TD /F2 9 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (?) Tj 21 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 6.75 -32.25 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.252 Tc 0 Tw (Over) Tj 25.5 0 TD -0.2915 Tc 0.2915 Tw (view of the Origin of Organisms) Tj 158.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -211.5 -18 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0231 Tc 0.0894 Tw (The evolution of modifiers of within) Tj 144.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.1612 Tc -0.0987 Tw (organism change leads ) Tj -147.75 -11.25 TD 0.1349 Tc 0.4276 Tw (to increased levels of cooperation within the organism and ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0965 Tc 0.966 Tw (increased heritability of fitness at the organism level. An organism is more than a group of ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1388 Tc 1.6023 Tw (cooperating cells related by common descent; organisms ) Tj T* 0.0968 Tc 0.4657 Tw (require adaptations that regulate conflict within. When these ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.083 Tc 3.6045 Tw (modifiers of development and within organism change) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.1365 Tc 4.926 Tw (increase in the population, the level of cooperation) Tj 0 Tc 0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.1895 Tc 1.498 Tw (increases as does the heritability of fitness at the group ) Tj T* -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (level.) Tj 68.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -68.25 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD 0.1527 Tc 2.6598 Tw (Throughout this paper, we illustrate our approa) Tj 207 0 TD 0.3026 Tc 1.0099 Tw (ch to ) Tj -216.75 -11.25 TD 0.1414 Tc 2.0283 Tw (evolutionary transitions using the transition from single ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0803 Tc -0.1741 Tw (cells to multicellular organisms. Nat.) Tj 15.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -190.5 -11.25 TD -0.2813 Tc 0.0938 Tw (4. ) Tj 48 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.3872 Tc 0.1997 Tw ( 263:813) Tj 31.5 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.3281 Tc (822.) 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R >> stream Genetic Variation comes from: a) mutation: random, natural change in DNA…can form new alleles. BT 196.5 718.5 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 15.75 Tf -0.2914 Tc 0.1039 Tw (A Multi) Tj 50.25 0 TD 0.0052 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.0389 Tc -0.1486 Tw (level Selection Theory of ) Tj 167.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -246 -24 TD -0.2916 Tc 0.1041 Tw (Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality) Tj 265.5 0 TD /F1 9 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -221.25 -28.5 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.2193 Tc 0.2193 Tw (Richard E. Michod and Denis Roze) Tj 176.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -87.75 -12.75 TD /F1 9 Tf ( ) Tj -90 -12 TD -0.0423 Tc 0.0423 Tw (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) Tj 180 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -167.25 -12 TD 0.0765 Tc -0.0765 Tw (University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721) Tj 153.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -117.75 -12 TD -0.0636 Tc (michod@u.arizona.edu) Tj 82.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -293.25 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 89.25 -14.25 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.32 Tc 0 Tw (Introduction) Tj 60.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -150 -18 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.1127 Tc 1.1998 Tw (The organization of th) Tj 93 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.7348 Tw (e living world is hierarchical) Tj 114.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\227) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.0901 Tc -0.0974 Tw (lower ) Tj -217.5 -11.25 TD 0.1533 Tc 1.6592 Tw (level units group together and cooperate to form higher ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0858 Tc 0.9767 Tw (level units of organization \(genes, chromosomes, bacteria) Tj 236.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -236.25 -11.25 TD -0.0544 Tc 2.117 Tw (like cells, eukaryotic) Tj 84.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0902 Tc 1.4027 Tw (like cells \(cells in cells\), multicellular ) Tj -87.75 -11.25 TD 0.0871 Tc 1.0754 Tw (organisms and societies\). Natural selection is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution, along with mutation, migration, and genetic drift. A bird’s developmental stages resemble those of a reptile. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. How and why does this occur?) Tj 57.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET BT 1.0088 0 0 1 67.5 273 Tm 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg /F3 8.7157 Tf 0.0628 Tc 0 Tw (Group) Tj 11.8958 -17.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1925 Tw ( ) Tj ET 55.5 333 m 55.5 332.25 l 54.75 332.25 l 54.75 333.75 l 55.5 334.5 l 55.5 333 l 57 333 m 57 332.25 l 56.25 332.25 l 56.25 334.5 l 57 334.5 l 57 333.75 l 56.25 333.75 l 56.25 333 l 57 333 l h f* 57 327.75 m 60 334.5 l 60.75 334.5 l 63 327.75 l 62.25 327.75 l 61.5 330 l 58.5 330 l 58.5 327.75 l 57 327.75 l 59.25 330.75 m 61.5 330.75 l 60.75 332.25 l 60 333 l 60 333.75 l 60 332.25 l 59.25 330.75 l h f* 66.75 327.75 m 66.75 328.5 l 66 327.75 l 64.5 327.75 l 63.75 328.5 l 63.75 332.25 l 66.75 332.25 l 66.75 334.5 l 67.5 334.5 l 67.5 327.75 l 66.75 327.75 l 64.5 330 m 64.5 328.5 l 66 328.5 l 66 329.25 l 66.75 329.25 l 66.75 331.5 l 66 331.5 l 66 332.25 l 65.25 332.25 l 64.5 331.5 l 64.5 330 l h f* 71.25 327.75 m 71.25 328.5 l 71.25 327.75 l 69 327.75 l 69 328.5 l 68.25 329.25 l 68.25 332.25 l 69 332.25 l 69 329.25 l 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l 85.5 328.5 l 85.5 329.25 l 86.25 329.25 l 86.25 330.75 l 85.5 331.5 l 85.5 332.25 l 84.75 332.25 l 84 331.5 l 84 330.75 l 83.25 330.75 l 83.25 330 l h f* 87.75 327.75 m 87.75 332.25 l 88.5 332.25 l 88.5 331.5 l 88.5 332.25 l 90.75 332.25 l 90 331.5 l 88.5 331.5 l 88.5 327.75 l 87.75 327.75 l h f* 90.75 330 m 90.75 331.5 l 91.5 332.25 l 94.5 332.25 l 94.5 328.5 l 93.75 327.75 l 91.5 327.75 l 91.5 328.5 l 90.75 328.5 l 90.75 329.25 l 90.75 330 l 91.5 330 m 91.5 329.25 l 92.25 328.5 l 93.75 328.5 l 93.75 331.5 l 93 332.25 l 92.25 332.25 l 92.25 331.5 l 91.5 331.5 l 91.5 330 l h f* 99 327.75 m 99 328.5 l 98.25 328.5 l 98.25 327.75 l 96.75 327.75 l 96 328.5 l 96 332.25 l 96.75 332.25 l 96.75 328.5 l 98.25 328.5 l 98.25 329.25 l 98.25 330 l 98.25 332.25 l 99.75 332.25 l 99.75 327.75 l 99 327.75 l h f* 100.5 326.25 m 100.5 332.25 l 104.25 332.25 l 104.25 328.5 l 103.5 327.75 l 102 327.75 l 101.25 328.5 l 101.25 326.25 l 100.5 326.25 l 101.25 330 m 101.25 329.25 l 102 329.25 l 102 328.5 l 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317.25 l h f* q 164.25 305.25 124.5 33.75 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 166.5 330 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.1351 Tc (V) Tj ET Q q 170.25 304.5 118.5 34.5 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 172.5 329.25 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.359 Tc (e) Tj ET Q q 174.75 303.75 114 35.25 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 177 328.5 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.0719 Tc (r) Tj ET Q q 177.75 303 111 36 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 180 328.5 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf -0.1923 Tc (t) Tj ET Q q 180 303 108.75 36 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 182.25 327.75 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.2958 Tc (i) Tj ET Q q 182.25 303 106.5 36 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 184.5 327.75 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.1035 Tc (c) Tj ET Q q 186.75 302.25 102 36.75 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 189 327.75 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.359 Tc (a) Tj ET Q q 191.25 301.5 97.5 36.75 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 193.5 327 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.2958 Tc (l) Tj ET Q q 192.75 301.5 96 36.75 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 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q 228 297 60.75 36.75 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 230.25 322.5 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.1035 Tc (s) Tj ET Q q 232.5 297 56.25 36.75 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 234.75 321.75 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.2958 Tc (i) Tj ET Q q 234.75 296.25 54 36.75 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 237 321.75 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.359 Tc (o) Tj ET Q q 239.25 295.5 49.5 36.75 re h W n BT 1.0034 -0.1037 0.1028 0.9947 241.5 321 Tm /F5 8.7148 Tf 0.359 Tc (n) Tj ET Q q 199.5 297 89.25 11.25 re h W n BT 1.0088 0 0 1 199.5 299.25 Tm 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg /F3 8.7157 Tf -0.0853 Tc (Between-group) Tj ET Q BT 1.0088 0 0 1 214.5 289.5 Tm 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg /F3 8.7157 Tf 0.0681 Tc (change) Tj -156.1325 -48 TD -0.0634 Tc (Association) Tj 0.1216 0.102 0.0902 rg ET 132.75 228 1.5 0.75 re f 132.75 230.25 1.5 1.5 re f 132.75 232.5 1.5 1.5 re f 132.75 234.75 1.5 1.5 re f 132.75 237.75 1.5 0.75 re f 132.75 240 1.5 1.5 re f 132.75 242.25 1.5 1.5 re f 132.75 245.25 1.5 0.75 re f 132.75 247.5 1.5 0.75 re f 132.75 249.75 1.5 1.5 re f 132.75 252 1.5 1.5 re f 132.75 255 1.5 0.75 re f 133.5 261.75 m 129 251.25 l 129.75 252 l 131.25 252 l 131.25 252.75 l 135.75 252.75 l 135.75 252 l 136.5 252 l 138 252 l 138 251.25 l 133.5 261.75 l h f* BT 1.0088 0 0 1 59.25 213 Tm 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg -0.048 Tc -0.1449 Tw (Free-living ) Tj 5.2044 -9.75 TD 0.0276 Tc 0 Tw (species) Tj 0.1216 0.102 0.0902 rg ET 213 221.25 m 213.75 219.75 l 208.5 216.75 l 207.75 218.25 l h f 219.75 225 m 220.5 223.5 l 215.25 220.5 l 214.5 222 l h f 225.75 228.75 m 226.5 228 l 221.25 224.25 l 220.5 225.75 l h f 232.5 232.5 m 233.25 231.75 l 228 228 l 227.25 229.5 l h f 235.5 234.75 m 233.25 233.25 l 234 231.75 l 236.25 233.25 l h f 240 236.25 m 228.75 234.75 l 229.5 234.75 l 231.75 232.5 l 231.75 231.75 l 232.5 231.75 l 232.5 230.25 l 233.25 230.25 l 233.25 229.5 l 233.25 229.5 l 233.25 227.25 l 240 236.25 l h f* 249.75 213 m 251.25 212.25 l 247.5 207.75 l 246 208.5 l h f 254.25 218.25 m 255 216.75 l 252 213 l 250.5 213.75 l h f 257.25 222 m 255 219 l 255.75 218.25 l 258.75 220.5 l h f 261 225 m 251.25 220.5 l 252 220.5 l 252 219.75 l 253.5 219.75 l 253.5 219 l 255 219 l 255 218.25 l 255.75 218.25 l 255.75 217.5 l 256.5 217.5 l 256.5 216.75 l 257.25 216.75 l 257.25 216 l 258 215.25 l 258 214.5 l 261 225 l h f* 266.25 254.25 m 267.75 254.25 l 267.75 252.75 l 266.25 253.5 l h f 267 256.5 m 267.75 255.75 l 267.75 255 l 266.25 255 l h f 267 258 m 268.5 258 l 268.5 256.5 l 267 257.25 l h f 267.75 260.25 m 269.25 259.5 l 268.5 258.75 l 267.75 259.5 l h f 268.5 262.5 m 269.25 261.75 l 269.25 261 l 267.75 261 l h f 268.5 264 m 270 264 l 270 262.5 l 268.5 263.25 l h f 270.75 270 m 264 261 l 270 261 l 270 260.25 l 270.75 260.25 l 270.75 260.25 l 271.5 259.5 l 272.25 259.5 l 272.25 258.75 l 270.75 270 l h f* 0.5176 0.5098 0.5098 rg 121.5 214.5 m 121.5 213.75 l 120 212.25 l 118.5 212.25 l 118.5 213 l 117.75 213 l 117.75 215.25 l 118.5 216 l 120.75 216 l 120.75 215.25 l 121.5 215.25 l 121.5 214.5 l h f* 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg 119.25 212.25 m 120 212.25 l 121.5 213.75 l 121.5 214.5 l 121.5 213.75 l 120.75 213.75 l 120.75 213 l 120 213 l 120 212.25 l 119.25 212.25 l h f 117.75 214.5 m 117.75 213 l 118.5 213 l 118.5 212.25 l 119.25 212.25 l 118.5 213 l 117.75 213 l 117.75 214.5 l h f 119.25 216 m 117.75 216 l 117.75 214.5 l 117.75 215.25 l 118.5 216 l 119.25 216 l h f 121.5 214.5 m 121.5 215.25 l 120.75 215.25 l 120.75 216 l 119.25 216 l 120.75 216 l 120.75 215.25 l 121.5 214.5 l h f 0.5176 0.5098 0.5098 rg 132.75 204.75 m 132 204 l 132 203.25 l 129.75 203.25 l 129 204 l 129 206.25 l 129.75 206.25 l 129.75 207 l 131.25 207 l 132 206.25 l 132 206.25 l 132 205.5 l 132.75 205.5 l 132.75 204.75 l h f* 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg 130.5 203.25 m 132 203.25 l 132 204 l 132.75 204.75 l 132 204 l 132 203.25 l 130.5 203.25 l h f 128.25 204.75 m 129 204.75 l 129 203.25 l 130.5 203.25 l 129.75 203.25 l 129 204 l 129 204.75 l h f 130.5 207 m 129.75 207 l 129.75 206.25 l 129 206.25 l 129 205.5 l 128.25 204.75 l 129 204.75 l 129 206.25 l 129.75 206.25 l 130.5 207 l h f 132.75 204.75 m 132.75 205.5 l 132 205.5 l 132 206.25 l 131.25 207 l 130.5 207 l 131.25 207 l 131.25 206.25 l 132 206.25 l 132 205.5 l 132.75 205.5 l 132.75 204.75 l h f 0.5176 0.5098 0.5098 rg 129.75 221.25 m 129 220.5 l 129 219.75 l 128.25 219.75 l 128.25 219 l 126.75 219 l 126.75 219.75 l 126 219.75 l 126 220.5 l 125.25 220.5 l 125.25 221.25 l 126 222 l 126 222.75 l 128.25 222.75 l 129 222.75 l 129 222 l 129 221.25 l 129.75 221.25 l h f* 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg 127.5 219 m 128.25 219 l 128.25 219.75 l 129 219.75 l 129 220.5 l 129.75 220.5 l 129.75 221.25 l 129 221.25 l 129 219.75 l 128.25 219.75 l 127.5 219 l h f 125.25 221.25 m 125.25 220.5 l 126 220.5 l 126 219.75 l 126.75 219.75 l 126.75 219 l 127.5 219 l 126.75 219 l 126.75 219.75 l 126 219.75 l 126 220.5 l 125.25 221.25 l h f 127.5 222.75 m 126 222.75 l 126 222 l 125.25 221.25 l 126 221.25 l 126 222 l 126.75 222.75 l 127.5 222.75 l h f 129.75 221.25 m 129 222 l 129 222.75 l 127.5 222.75 l 128.25 222.75 l 129 222 l 129 221.25 l h f 141 216 m 142.5 216 l 142.5 217.5 l 143.25 217.5 l 143.25 218.25 l 142.5 217.5 l 142.5 216.75 l 141.75 216 l 141 216 l h f 139.5 218.25 m 139.5 216.75 l 140.25 216 l 141 216 l 140.25 216 l 140.25 216.75 l 139.5 216.75 l 139.5 218.25 l h f 141 219.75 m 140.25 219.75 l 139.5 219 l 139.5 218.25 l 139.5 219 l 140.25 219 l 140.25 219.75 l 141 219.75 l h f 143.25 218.25 m 142.5 219 l 142.5 219.75 l 141 219.75 l 141.75 219.75 l 142.5 219 l 142.5 218.25 l 143.25 218.25 l h f 150 209.25 m 150.75 209.25 l 150.75 210 l 151.5 210 l 151.5 211.5 l 151.5 210.75 l 150 209.25 l h f 147.75 211.5 m 147.75 210 l 148.5 210 l 149.25 209.25 l 150 209.25 l 149.25 209.25 l 149.25 210 l 148.5 210 l 148.5 210.75 l 147.75 210.75 l 147.75 211.5 l h f 150 213 m 148.5 213 l 147.75 212.25 l 147.75 211.5 l 147.75 212.25 l 148.5 212.25 l 148.5 213 l 150 213 l h f 151.5 211.5 m 151.5 212.25 l 150.75 213 l 150 213 l 150.75 213 l 150.75 212.25 l 151.5 212.25 l 151.5 211.5 l h f 139.5 208.5 m 140.25 208.5 l 140.25 209.25 l 141 209.25 l 141 210.75 l 141 209.25 l 140.25 209.25 l 139.5 208.5 l h f 137.25 210.75 m 137.25 209.25 l 138 209.25 l 138 208.5 l 139.5 208.5 l 138 208.5 l 138 209.25 l 137.25 209.25 l 137.25 210.75 l h f 139.5 212.25 m 138 212.25 l 138 211.5 l 137.25 211.5 l 137.25 210.75 l 137.25 211.5 l 138 211.5 l 138 212.25 l 139.5 212.25 l h f 141 210.75 m 141 211.5 l 140.25 211.5 l 140.25 212.25 l 139.5 212.25 l 140.25 212.25 l 140.25 211.5 l 141 211.5 l 141 210.75 l h f 0.75 w 1 J 1 j 0.1216 0.102 0.0902 RG 123 197.25 m 126.75 197.25 l 126.75 201 l 123 201 l 123 197.25 l h S 115.5 200.25 m 119.25 200.25 l 119.25 204 l 115.5 204 l 115.5 200.25 l h S 143.25 200.25 m 147 200.25 l 147 204 l 143.25 204 l 143.25 200.25 l h S 0.5176 0.5098 0.5098 rg 146.25 217.5 m 150 217.5 l 150 221.25 l 146.25 221.25 l 146.25 217.5 l h f* 146.25 217.5 m 150 217.5 l 150 221.25 l 146.25 221.25 l 146.25 217.5 l h S 124.5 208.5 m 128.25 208.5 l 128.25 213 l 124.5 213 l 124.5 208.5 l h f* 124.5 208.5 m 128.25 208.5 l 128.25 213 l 124.5 213 l 124.5 208.5 l h S 131.25 196.5 m 135.75 196.5 l 135.75 200.25 l 131.25 200.25 l 131.25 196.5 l h f* 131.25 196.5 m 135.75 196.5 l 135.75 200.25 l 131.25 200.25 l 131.25 196.5 l h S 127.5 281.25 m 131.25 281.25 l 132.75 279.75 l 133.5 279.75 l 133.5 279 l 134.25 278.25 l 135 278.25 l 135 277.5 l 135.75 276.75 l 135.75 276 l 136.5 274.5 l 136.5 271.5 l 135.75 270.75 l 135.75 270 l 135 269.25 l 135 268.5 l 133.5 267 l 133.5 266.25 l 132.75 266.25 l 132 265.5 l 131.25 265.5 l 130.5 264.75 l 125.25 264.75 l 124.5 265.5 l 123.75 265.5 l 123 266.25 l 122.25 266.25 l 121.5 267 l 121.5 267.75 l 120 269.25 l 120 270.75 l 119.25 271.5 l 119.25 274.5 l 120 276 l 120 277.5 l 120.75 278.25 l 121.5 278.25 l 121.5 279 l 122.25 279.75 l 123 279.75 l 124.5 281.25 l 127.5 281.25 l h S 127.5 273 m 122.25 267 l 120.75 268.5 l 120.75 269.25 l 120 270 l 120 270.75 l 119.25 271.5 l 119.25 274.5 l 120 276 l 120 277.5 l 120.75 278.25 l 121.5 278.25 l 121.5 279 l 122.25 279.75 l 123 279.75 l 124.5 281.25 l 127.5 281.25 l 127.5 273 l h f* 127.5 273 m 122.25 267 l 120.75 268.5 l 120.75 269.25 l 120 270 l 120 270.75 l 119.25 271.5 l 119.25 275.25 l 120 276 l 120 277.5 l 120.75 278.25 l 121.5 278.25 l 121.5 279 l 123 280.5 l 123.75 280.5 l 124.5 281.25 l 127.5 281.25 l 127.5 273 l S 136.5 268.5 m 147 268.5 l 147 279 l 136.5 279 l 136.5 268.5 l h S 142.5 268.5 m 147 268.5 l 147 279 l 142.5 279 l 142.5 268.5 l h f* 142.5 268.5 m 147 268.5 l 147 279 l 142.5 279 l 142.5 268.5 l h S 126.75 338.25 m 129.75 338.25 l 130.5 337.5 l 131.25 337.5 l 132.75 336 l 133.5 336 l 135.75 333.75 l 135.75 332.25 l 136.5 331.5 l 136.5 325.5 l 135.75 324.75 l 135.75 324 l 132 320.25 l 131.25 320.25 l 130.5 319.5 l 129.75 319.5 l 129 318.75 l 124.5 318.75 l 123.75 319.5 l 123 319.5 l 122.25 320.25 l 121.5 320.25 l 117.75 324 l 117.75 324.75 l 117 325.5 l 117 331.5 l 117.75 332.25 l 117.75 333.75 l 120 336 l 120.75 336 l 122.25 337.5 l 123 337.5 l 123.75 338.25 l 126.75 338.25 l S 126.75 328.5 m 135 322.5 l 133.5 321 l 132 320.25 l 131.25 319.5 l 130.5 319.5 l 129 318.75 l 124.5 318.75 l 123.75 319.5 l 123 319.5 l 122.25 320.25 l 121.5 320.25 l 117.75 324 l 117.75 324.75 l 117 325.5 l 117 330.75 l 117 331.5 l 117.75 332.25 l 117.75 333 l 118.5 334.5 l 119.25 335.25 l 120 335.25 l 122.25 337.5 l 123 337.5 l 123.75 338.25 l 126.75 338.25 l 126.75 328.5 l h f* 126.75 328.5 m 135 322.5 l 133.5 321 l 132 320.25 l 131.25 319.5 l 130.5 319.5 l 129 318.75 l 124.5 318.75 l 123.75 319.5 l 123 319.5 l 122.25 320.25 l 121.5 320.25 l 117.75 324 l 117.75 324.75 l 117 325.5 l 117 331.5 l 117.75 332.25 l 117.75 333.75 l 120 336 l 120.75 336 l 122.25 337.5 l 123 337.5 l 123.75 338.25 l 126.75 338.25 l 126.75 328.5 l S 137.25 323.25 m 149.25 323.25 l 149.25 336 l 137.25 336 l 137.25 323.25 l h S 140.25 323.25 m 149.25 323.25 l 149.25 336 l 140.25 336 l 140.25 323.25 l h f* 140.25 323.25 m 149.25 323.25 l 149.25 336 l 140.25 336 l 140.25 323.25 l h S 192 213.75 m 194.25 213.75 l 195 213 l 195.75 213 l 195.75 212.25 l 196.5 212.25 l 197.25 211.5 l 197.25 210.75 l 198 210 l 198 205.5 l 197.25 204.75 l 197.25 203.25 l 196.5 203.25 l 195 201.75 l 194.25 201.75 l 193.5 201.75 l 192.75 201 l 191.25 201 l 190.5 201.75 l 189 201.75 l 186.75 204 l 186.75 204.75 l 186 205.5 l 186 210 l 187.5 211.5 l 187.5 212.25 l 188.25 212.25 l 188.25 213 l 189 213 l 189.75 213.75 l 192 213.75 l h S 192 207.75 m 192 201 l 191.25 201 l 190.5 201.75 l 189 201.75 l 186.75 204 l 186.75 204.75 l 186 205.5 l 186 210 l 187.5 211.5 l 187.5 212.25 l 188.25 212.25 l 188.25 213 l 189 213 l 189.75 213.75 l 192 213.75 l 192 207.75 l h f* 192 207.75 m 192 201 l 191.25 201 l 190.5 201.75 l 189.75 201.75 l 189 202.5 l 188.25 202.5 l 186.75 204 l 186.75 204.75 l 186 205.5 l 186 210 l 187.5 211.5 l 187.5 212.25 l 188.25 212.25 l 188.25 213 l 189 213 l 189.75 213.75 l 192 213.75 l 192 207.75 l S 198.75 201 m 211.5 201 l 211.5 213.75 l 198.75 213.75 l 198.75 201 l h S 201.75 201 m 211.5 201 l 211.5 213.75 l 201.75 213.75 l 201.75 201 l h f* 201.75 201 m 211.5 201 l 211.5 213.75 l 201.75 213.75 l 201.75 201 l h S 232.5 206.25 m 234 206.25 l 235.5 205.5 l 236.25 205.5 l 237 204.75 l 237.75 204.75 l 240.75 201.75 l 240.75 201 l 241.5 200.25 l 241.5 198 l 242.25 197.25 l 242.25 195 l 241.5 194.25 l 241.5 192.75 l 240.75 191.25 l 240.75 190.5 l 239.25 189 l 238.5 189 l 237 187.5 l 236.25 187.5 l 235.5 186.75 l 229.5 186.75 l 228 187.5 l 227.25 187.5 l 225.75 189 l 225 189 l 224.25 189.75 l 224.25 190.5 l 223.5 191.25 l 222.75 192.75 l 222.75 194.25 l 222 195 l 222 197.25 l 222.75 198 l 222.75 200.25 l 224.25 201.75 l 224.25 202.5 l 226.5 204.75 l 227.25 204.75 l 228 205.5 l 229.5 205.5 l 230.25 206.25 l 232.5 206.25 l h S 232.5 196.5 m 222.75 198 l 222.75 199.5 l 223.5 201 l 223.5 201.75 l 224.25 201.75 l 224.25 202.5 l 226.5 204.75 l 227.25 204.75 l 228 205.5 l 228.75 205.5 l 229.5 206.25 l 232.5 206.25 l 232.5 196.5 l h f* 232.5 196.5 m 222.75 198 l 222.75 200.25 l 223.5 201 l 223.5 201.75 l 226.5 204.75 l 227.25 204.75 l 228 205.5 l 228.75 205.5 l 229.5 206.25 l 232.5 206.25 l 232.5 196.5 l S 242.25 189.75 m 255 189.75 l 255 202.5 l 242.25 202.5 l 242.25 189.75 l h S 252 189.75 m 255 189.75 l 255 202.5 l 252 202.5 l 252 189.75 l h f* 252 189.75 m 255 189.75 l 255 202.5 l 252 202.5 l 252 189.75 l h S 251.25 248.25 m 251.25 246.75 l 249.75 246.75 l 249.75 246 l 249 246.75 l 248.25 246.75 l 248.25 247.5 l 247.5 247.5 l 247.5 248.25 l 248.25 249 l 248.25 249.75 l 250.5 249.75 l 251.25 249.75 l 251.25 249 l 251.25 248.25 l h f* 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg 249.75 246 m 250.5 246.75 l 251.25 246.75 l 251.25 248.25 l 251.25 246.75 l 249.75 246.75 l h f 247.5 248.25 m 247.5 247.5 l 248.25 247.5 l 248.25 246.75 l 249 246.75 l 249 246 l 249.75 246 l 249.75 246.75 l 248.25 246.75 l 248.25 247.5 l 247.5 248.25 l h f 249.75 249.75 m 248.25 249.75 l 248.25 249 l 247.5 248.25 l 248.25 248.25 l 248.25 249.75 l 249.75 249.75 l h f 251.25 248.25 m 251.25 249.75 l 249.75 249.75 l 251.25 249.75 l 251.25 248.25 l h f 1 1 1 rg 262.5 238.5 m 262.5 237.75 l 261.75 237 l 259.5 237 l 259.5 237.75 l 258.75 237.75 l 258.75 239.25 l 259.5 240 l 259.5 240.75 l 261.75 240.75 l 262.5 240 l 262.5 239.25 l 262.5 238.5 l h f* 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg 261 237 m 261.75 237 l 262.5 237.75 l 262.5 238.5 l 262.5 237.75 l 261.75 237.75 l 261.75 237 l 261 237 l h f 258.75 238.5 m 258.75 237.75 l 259.5 237.75 l 259.5 237 l 261 237 l 260.25 237 l 258.75 238.5 l h f 261 240.75 m 259.5 240.75 l 259.5 240 l 258.75 240 l 258.75 238.5 l 258.75 239.25 l 260.25 240.75 l 261 240.75 l h f 262.5 238.5 m 262.5 240 l 261.75 240.75 l 261 240.75 l 261.75 240.75 l 261.75 240 l 262.5 240 l 262.5 238.5 l h f 0.5176 0.5098 0.5098 rg 259.5 255 m 259.5 254.25 l 258.75 253.5 l 258 253.5 l 258 252.75 l 257.25 253.5 l 256.5 253.5 l 256.5 254.25 l 255.75 254.25 l 255.75 255.75 l 256.5 255.75 l 256.5 256.5 l 258.75 256.5 l 258.75 256.5 l 259.5 255.75 l 259.5 255 l h f* 0.0745 0.0824 0.0863 rg 258 252.75 m 259.5 254.25 l 259.5 255 l 259.5 254.25 l 258.75 253.5 l 258 253.5 l h f 255.75 255 m 255.75 254.25 l 256.5 254.25 l 256.5 253.5 l 257.25 253.5 l 257.25 252.75 l 258 252.75 l 258 253.5 l 256.5 253.5 l 256.5 254.25 l 255.75 254.25 l 255.75 255 l h f 258 257.25 m 257.25 257.25 l 257.25 256.5 l 256.5 256.5 l 255.75 255.75 l 255.75 255 l 255.75 255.75 l 256.5 255.75 l 256.5 256.5 l 258 256.5 l h f 259.5 255 m 259.5 256.5 l 258.75 256.5 l 258 257.25 l 258 256.5 l 258.75 256.5 l 259.5 255.75 l 259.5 255 l h f 271.5 249.75 m 272.25 249.75 l 272.25 250.5 l 273 250.5 l 273 252 l 273 250.5 l 272.25 250.5 l 271.5 249.75 l h f 269.25 252 m 269.25 251.25 l 270.75 249.75 l 271.5 249.75 l 270.75 249.75 l 270.75 250.5 l 270 250.5 l 270 251.25 l 269.25 251.25 l 269.25 252 l h f 271.5 253.5 m 270 253.5 l 270 252.75 l 269.25 252.75 l 269.25 252 l 270 252.75 l 270 253.5 l 271.5 253.5 l h f 273 252 m 273 253.5 l 271.5 253.5 l 272.25 253.5 l 273 252.75 l 273 252 l h f 279.75 243 m 280.5 243 l 280.5 243.75 l 281.25 243.75 l 281.25 244.5 l 282 244.5 l 282 245.25 l 282 244.5 l 281.25 244.5 l 281.25 243.75 l 279.75 243.75 l h f 278.25 245.25 m 278.25 243.75 l 279 243.75 l 279.75 243 l 279.75 243.75 l 279 243.75 l 278.25 244.5 l 278.25 245.25 l h f 279.75 247.5 m 279 246.75 l 278.25 246.75 l 278.25 245.25 l 278.25 246 l 279 246.75 l 279.75 246.75 l h f 282 245.25 m 282 246 l 281.25 246.75 l 280.5 246.75 l 280.5 247.5 l 279.75 247.5 l 279.75 246.75 l 281.25 246.75 l 281.25 246 l 282 246 l 282 245.25 l h f 269.25 242.25 m 270 242.25 l 271.5 243.75 l 271.5 244.5 l 271.5 243.75 l 270.75 243.75 l 270.75 243 l 269.25 243 l h f 267.75 244.5 m 267.75 243 l 268.5 243 l 268.5 242.25 l 269.25 242.25 l 269.25 243 l 267.75 243 l 267.75 244.5 l h f 269.25 246.75 m 269.25 246 l 267.75 246 l 267.75 244.5 l 267.75 245.25 l 268.5 246 l 269.25 246 l h f 271.5 244.5 m 271.5 245.25 l 270.75 245.25 l 270.75 246 l 270 246 l 269.25 246.75 l 269.25 246 l 270.75 246 l 270.75 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