Another design and engineering focus relates to the foundation pile design. On a spar platform, the relative movement between risers and floating platform is pronounced. [3,658 bytes] Off to a blistering start, Texaco's Petronius compliant tower was about to set an industry record for time from spudding to … Locating the piles near the center of the tower, limiting the maximum tower deflections, and selecting piles of sufficient length to absorb the imposed loads can limit the resulting stresses in the piles. The freestanding compliant tower concept (Fig. The topsides equipment and facilities are not dissimilar to those usually deployed for fixed steel structures. Other forms of deep-draft floaters include deep-draft semisubmersibles and hull arrangements other than the arrangement shown in Fig. The dynamic response of a compliant tower is crucial, and dynamic analyses form part of the design process for this structure. The platform is tethered to the seabed by a number of tendons that are kept in tension at all times by the excess buoyancy in the hull. For all floating systems, a range of stability criteria is followed to ensure system stability in calm waters with sufficient safety margins to allow for the dynamic conditions of stormy seas. 2). This page was last edited on 2 June 2015, at 22:32. The production risers may suffer from vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) caused by the current, especially in high-current regions such as the Gulf of Mexico and the West of Shetlands. As the water depth increases, these structures begin to become more flexible, and the natural period increases and approaches that of the waves. The field’s operator Texaco owns 50% of the field, while the remaining 50% is owned by Marathon. Dry trees allow direct and continuous access to the wells for maintenance and re-entry. A two-piece construction and installation can be adopted, as was used for the Petronius platform installation. The Tombua-Landana compliant tower is located in 1,208 feet of water, which makes it one of the deepest fixed structures in the world. Approximately 60,000 barrels of oil and 100 million cubic feet of natural gas are produced daily by the Petronius platform. 7a and Fig. You must log in to edit PetroWiki. Fig. The lines are moored to the seabed using a vertically loaded anchor. A compliant piled tower design, it is 609.9 metres (2,001 ft) high, and was arguably the tallest free-standing structure in the world, until surpassed by the Burj Khalifa in 2010, although this claim is disputed since only 75 metres of the platform are above water. Additional steelwork is required to stiffen the structure. It should be recognized that prediction of the dynamic response for an array of top-tensioned risers is nontrivial, given the hydrodynamic interaction. 5. An example of a deep-draft facility designed by CSO Aker is shown in Fig. Text imported from Wikipedia article "Petronius (oil platform)" and modified on 23 July 2019 under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license. All wells, some local to the platform, others as far as 6 miles away, will be completed as subsea wells with wellhead control trees located on the seabed, tied back by flowlines and risers to the platform. Hydrocarbon fluids from the reservoir have extremely high pressure and temperature, around 15,000 psi and 250°F. Vertical and lateral stability is assured through the use of either flotation devices (Fig. [The sources should be available to the reader, i.e., not an internal company document. Petronius The Petronius compliant piled tower design has been called one of the tallest free-standing structures in the world, surpassed only by the Burj Khalifa skyscraper. The foundation system is subjected to cyclic loads superimposed on a high-tension load. • Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans. Fig. The Petronius compliant tower was installed in four sections: foundation, bottom section, top section, and module support frame in Viosca Knoll 786. Typical fixed platform design practices are applicable for the topside configurations with the exception that, because the spar is a floating system, lateral accelerations are higher. Guyed tower concept The freestanding compliant tower concept (Fig. The Petronius Compliant Tower facility is in the deepwater area of the Gulf of Mexico at Viosca Knoll Block 786. Floating structures must increase in size to provide the necessary buoyancy to carry the extra weight, which adds incremental cost to the development. 4—Riser spacing and contact considerations (courtesy of BP). (b) Regulation. The systems can be designed for storage capability as well. A compliant tower (CT) is a fixed rig structure normally used for the offshore production of oil or gas. Fig. A payload of up to 50,000 tons can be accommodated, including drilling or workover rig and full production equipment. The contract for the platform was budgeted at $200 million with total costs of around $500 million. We’re pushing it to new limits, new extremes. Riser towers allow multiple flow lines to be installed in a small area without interference with mooring lines and each other. The TLP is not dissimilar to a semisubmersible, and construction techniques developed for semisubmersibles can be deployed for TLPs. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. It was built from 1997 to its completion in May 2000, at a cost of $500 million. The rig is a compliant tower and is the largest freestanding structure in the world at 2,010ft. This forces the natural period to be less than that of the damaging significant wave energy, which lies in the 8- to 20-second band. 1, adopted for the Petronius platform in the Gulf of Mexico) and the guyed tower concept (Fig. The 4000-tonne North Module was installed in November 1998, but the attempt to install the slightly lighter South Module in December of that year ended with the unit on the seabed. For FPSs, it is perhaps revealing to consider the approach adopted by BP in its currently ongoing development for the Thunder Horse deepwater field in the Gulf of Mexico. 2013: Invented Dual chain handling Chain wheel for costs and weight savings for chain handling on mooring systems. The Thunder Horse concept will be the largest production semisubmersible ever built, having a two-level deck measuring about 455 ft long and 360 ft wide, mounted on a four-column hull. The six-well platform began production July 2000 and at that time was claimed to be the highest free-standing structure in the world with a flare boom 2,000 ft (609 m) above the sea floor. The size and type of reservoir and the anticipated extent and cost of well intervention often dictate the selection of dry vs. wet trees. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. compliant tower, the construction of which forms the basis of this dispute, is a platform, designed to flex with the forces of wave, wind, and current, that is fixed permanently to the Outer Continental Shelf. As the structure deflects, significant tension-compression coupling forces are introduced in the piles. Another hurdle to overcome is at the top of the riser where the well fluids are transferred to the processing deck. The main drawback for semisubmersibles is the lack of storage capacity to prevent shutdowns when offloading operations are disrupted. The Petronius tower was articulated 500 ft (152 m) above the seabed to provide the compliant element of the design to mitigate the effects of current, waves and wind on the structure. The Petronius compliant tower is approximately 1870 feet in height, weighs approximately 43,000 tons, and is For wet trees, possible development concepts include all of these plus ship-shaped floating production systems and semisubmersible production systems. Load and fatigue limitations for these risers are a significant challenge. 3—TLP concept (Photographic Services, Shell Intl., London). Deepwater riser systems have been acknowledged by the industry as representing critical technology for current planned and future field developments. 7b. The high-pressure/high-temperature conditions on Thunder Horse also demand that the risers be heavy walled, adding to the weight problem. The newest generation of compliant tower designs is represented by the 1998 installation of: (1) Amerada Hess' Baldpate compliant tower at Garden Banks Block 260 in 1,650-ft water depths; (2) Texaco's Petronius tower, designed for installation at Viosca Knoll Block 786 offshore Louisiana in … The majority of offshore fields have been developed with conventional fixed steel platforms. The leveling jacks were among the largest ever produced. These and other factors have resulted in the selection of a semisubmersible production unit (see Fig. 1—The Baldpate Compliant Tower is one of the tallest free-standing structures in the world – Empire State Building (right) for comparison (Web Photograph, Amerada Hess Corp., New York City). 6. Deep draft floaters for water depths up to 10,000 ft. 2, adopted for the Lena platform in the Gulf of Mexico) are sized on the principle of “compliance” to wave attack. From an engineering and economic perspective, cost-effective steel-jacket structures are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to design beyond 1,500 ft. To circumvent this problem for water depths beyond 1,500 ft, the industry has developed concepts that work on the other side of the damaging significant wave energy (i.e., structures that have natural periods of greater than 20 seconds). Fig. The platform comprises a deck structure and a buoyant hull that is composed of a series of vertical cylindrical columns, horizontal submerged pontoons, and, in some instances, tubular member bracing. The platform is situated to exploit the Petronius field, discovered in 1995 in Viosca Knoll (block VK 786) and named after Petronius, the Roman writer. Structurae Version 7.0 - © 1998-2021 Nicolas Janberg. Kaiser, Mark J. All data contained herein is subject to change and is provided without warranties. It stands at 609.9 metres (2,001 feet) above the seabed, though only 75 metres (246 feet) are above water. Baldpate Compliant Tower is the first free-standing tower that is not supported by external ropes, at the same time it is one of the highest structures in the world, it even exceeds CN Tower . A deep-draft floater is a floating system that is provided with a deep-draft hull designed to minimize heave motions. platform and foundation. A conventional FPS typically uses either a semisubmersible to accommodate the equipment and utilities or a ship-shaped monohull, the latter often built from converted oil tankers. from Toronto. More information. One of the functions of the moorings is to guarantee the integrity of the risers, but moorings are subject to practical limits regarding their numbers and strength. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. Each line will be anchored to the seabed by suction piles, giving the semisubmersible the ability to survive in the Gulf of Mexico’s hurricanes. Several proven types of platform were initially considered, among them ship-shaped vessels, semisubmersibles, TLPs, and spars. Compliant towers are designed to sustain significant lateral deflections and forces, and are typically used in water depths ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 feet (450 to 900 m). It contains all the equipment associated with a fixed platform and is used in conjunction with subsea wellheads to exploit moderate to deepwater fields, particularly where the installation of a fixed platform is neither practical nor cost-effective. A center well within the cylinder protects the production risers and their tensioning system. In this instance, intermediate structural bracing can be accommodated because barge clearance is not required. Therefore, care is required in the analysis and design of the foundation system. March 2018; ... the free-standing conc ept is adopted by Petronius platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Nevertheless, these systems add to the range of options available to develop deepwater fields. While this is standard industry practice, it has never before been executed at the injection rates and pressures needed for Thunder Horse. A unique combination of characteristics is at play in the Thunder Horse field, dictating the facilities for the project. Oil platform - Wikipedia Likewise, this definition does not count structures that are built underground or on the seabed, such as the Petronius Platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Petronius Probianus : Petronius Probianus (floruit 315–331) was a politician of the Roman Empire. Located around 6,000 ft of water depth, the field’s reserves are contained within eight adjacent offshore license blocks, making it impossible to reach all reserves from a single drilling center. 6—Stability of floating systems (courtesy of MSL Engineering). At present the deepest is the Chevron Petronius tower in waters 623m deep. Latitude: 29° 06' 18.00" N 2, adopted for the Lena platform in the Gulf of Mexico) are sized on the principle of “compliance” to wave attack. Fig. 1998: Design and manufacture of the Petronius Compliant Tower leveling system operating in 1500 feet water depth. 2. Petronius has been developed by a compliant tower, which represents the largest free-standing structure in the world. The lower section is a braced truss system with heave plates to achieve the desired heave motion characteristics. / Liu, Mingming (2014): Decommissioning cost estimation in the deepwater U.S. Gulf of Mexico – Fixed platforms and compliant towers. Alternatively, a single-piece construction can be adopted for the deck and hull with equipment and facilities placed on the completed platform. No media files are currently available for this data page. Lateral excursions are controlled because the tendons develop a restoring force as lateral movements take place. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. The choice between these two and other floating production systems depends on the fundamental decision on the need for dry-trees or wet-trees. 1 and Fig. 3 illustrates the TLP concept. Development Latitude: 29° 06' 18.00" N A single template for the foundation and well system can be adopted, or separate templates can be specified. The seabed is 535 m (1,754 ft) below the platform. Deep-draft floaters, either of the cylindrical arrangement (such as spars) or of the semisubmersible configuration, are likely to find increasing favor in deepwater applications in the future. The hull and deck, together with drilling facilities and quarters, will weigh more than 50,000 tons. Another compliant structure is the guyed tower, which is a slender truss-steel structure supported on the sea floor by a spud-can foundation and … and economic standpoints. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron . Texaco & Marathon. A replacement module was built and installed by Saipem 7000 in May 2000. Further, many of the conventional mooring systems are deployed in the catenary configuration, giving low stiffness, which allows considerable offsets and poor response. ). Around 8,000 m³ (50,000 barrels) of oil and 2,000,000 m³ (70 million cubic feet) of natural gas are extracted daily by the platform. The facility is located at 28°13′44″ N/−87°47′51″ W and the area within 500 meters (1640.4 feet) from each point on the facility structure's outer edge is a safety zone. 4, if the design principle were for no contact between the risers, a cost penalty in ultra-deep water would be expected; If contact between risers is the accepted design principle, it is then important to predict their dynamic behavior, evaluate the impact energy during contact, and define acceptance criteria. The reservoir itself lies deep below the seabed—some zones are more than 3.7 miles down; others lie below salt formations, requiring costly and time-consuming wells. These are among the highest yet to be handled in the offshore industry. They have less weight and, in the taut configuration, provide lower vessel movement and a reduced footprint on the seabed. 8a—Worldwide fleet of installed and sanctioned semisubmersible FPS (courtesy of BP). 1, adopted for the Petronius platform in the Gulf of Mexico) and the guyed tower concept (Fig. 1-32. This system has been deployed for the Girassol FPSO in West Africa in 4,500 ft of water. The platform has a compliant piled tower design which stands on a mooring system based on 12 piles, three at each corner leg, which extend 450ft through the mudline into the seabed. Petronius (oil platform): Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. All the concepts discussed and described allow for the wellheads and Christmas tree valve systems to be above the waterline (i.e., in the dry). Operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil, Petronius is a deepwater oil platform; the compliant piled tower is 2,001 feet high and extends 1,754 feet above the seabed. To maximize production, seawater must be injected into the reservoir from the outset. A spread of mooring lines is used for station keeping during production, and flexible flow lines are adopted, which permit wave-induced vessel motions to be absorbed. The mooring system is designed to accommodate a platform offset of several hundred feet for drilling or workover purposes. International Database and Gallery of Structures, Offshore Technology: Petronius, Gulf of Mexico, USA. As the floating structure heels, it gives rise to a restoring moment, which stabilizes the system. Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. As water depth increases, the length and, hence, weight of conventional wire and chain mooring systems increase. Nevertheless, while the foundation system may appear elaborate, the advantages are considerable. This particular concept is more commonly known as a truss spar. The type of field development concept utilized, in particular the choice between wet and dry trees, significantly affects all aspects of the development, from the appraisal strategy and development concept to reservoir and field management. Abstract The Baldpate compliant tower, in Garden Banks block 260 in the Gulf of Mexico, is the first free standing, non-guyed compliant tower. ], Use this section to list papers in OnePetro that a reader who wants to learn more should definitely read, Use this section to provide links to relevant material on websites other than PetroWiki and OnePetro, Fixed steel and concrete gravity base structures, Flow assurance for offshore and subsea facilities, Flexible risers and steel catenary risers (SCR), https://petrowiki.spe.org/index.php?title=Compliant_and_floating_systems&oldid=46966, 4.5 Offshore facilities and subsea systems, Copyright 2012-2021, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Compliant towers for water depths up to 3,000 ft, Tension leg platforms (TLPs) for water depths up to 5,000 ft with the potential for application to 7,000 ft following further development effort, Floating production systems for water depths up to 7,000 ft. The primary considerations for stability revolve around the location of the center of gravity and the relative location of the center of buoyancy; see Fig. On September 15, 2004, Hurricane Ivan passed about 25 miles to the west of Petronius, introducing the platform to enormous environmental loadings. Situated in 1,648 ft of … Use this section for citation of items referenced in the text to show your sources. Spar platforms were looked at closely. Help with editing, Content of PetroWiki is intended for personal use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering judgment. A TLP deck may be fabricated separately from the hull and mated in a manner similar to that adopted for concrete gravity base platforms. However, the buoyancy requirements for a TLP may be two to five times that of a semisubmersible, and, therefore, construction facilities used for semisubmersibles may be too small for TLP fabrication. 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